无国界疫情需跨国应对 人类抗争传染病无穷期

无国界疫情需跨国应对 人类抗争传染病无穷期

 
 
 
 
 

无国界疫情需跨国应对 人类抗争传染病无穷期
2009年06月08日 14:44 来源:半月谈 
 突如其来的非典、几度肆虐的禽流感、悄然暴发的甲型H1N1流感,短短几年来人们充分见识了重大疫情的威胁。特别是这次甲型H1N1流感疫情,蔓延速度之快,范围之广,令人吃惊。

  回首历史上疾病给人类带来的重创,以及今天人类与疾病的“斗智斗勇”,我们不难发现:在重大疫病面前,人类经过自己不懈的努力总能化险为夷,并取得最终胜利。

  病毒包围人类,还是人类围剿病毒?

  人类从诞生之日起就在与疾病作斗争,而各种疾病中最容易让人产生恐慌的是大范围传染性疾病。历史上曾有过多次灾难性的疾病,然而最终都败下阵来,人类对病毒引发疾病的战绩包括:消灭了天花,战胜了鼠疫,降伏了麻风,攻克了白喉。特别是抗生素和疫苗的问世,使伤寒等多种传染病不再是不治之症。

  然而近30多年来的情况表明,一些早已被征服的传染病,重新向人类发起挑战,这不能不引起人们的警觉。例如被称为“痨病”的结核病,近十几年来发病人数不断上升,全球每年发病人数已超过800万;最近二三十年来,登革热、军团病、莱姆病和疯牛病等新发传染病接连不断地袭击人类,现在已知新发传染病就有近40种,而且今后还会有新的传染病发生。

  与老病相比,新病更难对付。新发传染病大都是病毒感染所致,而抗生素对诸如艾滋病等病毒性传染病基本无效,此其一;其二,病毒具有隐蔽性。比如1981年发现的艾滋病,其病原体可能早在60年前就传给了人类;其三,病毒为了生存会不断变异,以防人体免疫系统和抗病毒药物的攻击。这就是所谓“道高一尺,魔高一丈”。尤其是抗生素等药物的滥用,已使病毒更加狡猾善变。医学专家说,病毒变异的速度极快,并在变异过程中逐步培养起对已有药物的抗药性。研究显示,与实验室艾滋病毒相比,患者体内艾滋病毒的抗药能力最高已增加了10倍。人们熟知的流感病毒变异速度之快,甚至使流感疫苗的开发跟不上形势。

  旧病复发,新病增加,是天灾还是人祸?多数专家认为,近年来全球环境受到的种种破坏,乃是新老传染病频发的重要因素。

  全球气候变暖能激活病毒和病菌并导致蚊虫等传播媒介大量滋生。美国《科学》杂志发表论文说,传染病增多的真正原因是全球气候变暖,现已查明有50起传染病爆发同气温升高有关。乱砍滥伐森林,会迫使野生动物离开生存领地,将病原体直接或间接传给人类。野生动物本身就是个病毒库。人猎食或亲近野生动物,可直接受到病毒感染。据调查,新发传染病中有3/4与野生动物有关。此外水源污染会引发霍乱和疟疾。而经济全球化、人员流动频繁化、交通快捷化,都将会促成新老传染病的发生和蔓延。

  此外,自然界中的4000余种病毒,尚有95%不为人类所知;自然界大约100万种细菌中,人类只对其中的2000种做过定性。面对如此复杂的微生物世界,人类还有许多工作要做。因此,对任何病毒的暴发,我们都要加以高度重视,绝不可掉以轻心。1918年,源于西班牙的流感疫情初期比较温和,没有引起重视,结果在第二波袭来后,导致占全球大约20%~40%的人口染病,其中5000多万人死亡,这样的教训是极其惨痛的。

  无国界疫情需要跨国界应对

  此次甲型流感疫情,蔓延速度之快,令人始料不及。全球化时代,任何一场局部的疫病都有可能演化成全球性公共卫生事件,没有哪个国家、民族和个人能确保自己置身事外。

  各国由于经济和科研水平不同,应对疫情的能力有别,所采取防控措施的效果各异,但是由于全球化时代发达便捷的交通又使得人员物资往来频繁而密集,任何一国防疫工作出现漏洞都可能影响到全球整体防控的效果。因此,对抗目前的流感疫情,也和抵御金融危机一样,不再是一国一地之事,而是全球共同面临的挑战。

  全球疫情亟须各国合力应对,其中包括疫情通报、联合救助、联合科研等,而最为紧要的是疫苗的联合研发。2003年,非典疫情爆发后,其病毒迅速得到确诊,被世界卫生组织誉为国际科研合作的典范。如果曾遭禽流感肆虐的印度尼西亚等国不提供禽流感病毒样本,人们可能无法研制出有针对性的疫苗。倘若各制药公司研制出疫苗后大幅提升价格,那么全球都将遭殃。事实上,早在20世纪末,世界卫生组织就警告说,人类正处于传染病全球危机的边缘,没有哪一个国家可以幸免,也没有哪一个国家可以高枕无忧。非典流行之前,该组织呼吁建立新发传染病全球性预防检测体系,足见国际性合作的重要性。

  总之,人类与疾病的斗争是永无止境的,我们手中的武器不是求神拜佛,而是科学方法以及全球合作再加上高度的警惕。对于今天的各类病毒和流行病,我们只要重视它,加强对它的研究,建立完整的监测体系,实行有效的防控措施,就一定能控制它的传播与流行,并最终战胜它。 (杨骏)

 

No need to cross borders to deal with outbreaks of human infectious disease resistance infinite period
At 14:44 on June 8, 2009 Source: China Comment
Sudden SARS outbreak of bird flu several times, quietly influenza H1N1 outbreak of influenza, just a few years to a full knowledge of the threat of a major epidemic. In particular the H1N1 Type A influenza epidemic, the spread of the speed, scope, which is astonishing.

Looking back at the history of the disease brought about by damage to human beings, and human and disease today's "courage" is not difficult to find: a major epidemic in the face of humanity through their own efforts always saved the day and made the final victory.

Surrounded by the human virus, or suppression of human viruses?

Mankind from the date of birth in the fight against disease, and a variety of diseases most likely to create panic among the large-scale infectious disease. There have been many times the history of catastrophic illness, but were eventually defeated, the virus caused human disease record including: the eradication of smallpox, to overcome the plague, the yield of the leprosy, diphtheria tackled. In particular, the advent of antibiotics and vaccines, so that a variety of infectious diseases such as typhoid fever is no longer an incurable disease.

However, nearly 30 years have shown that some infectious diseases has already been conquered and re-challenge to humanity, which can not but arouse people's awareness. For example, referred to as "TB" TB, Over the last decade the rising incidence, the number of global annual incidence of more than 8,000,000; the recent two to three decades, dengue fever, Legionnaires disease, Lyme disease and mad cow disease and other new infectious diseases one after another to attack humans, emerging infectious diseases are now known to have close to 40 species, but also the future occurrence of new infectious diseases.

And the sick, the new disease more difficult. Emerging infectious diseases are caused by viral infection, and antibiotics such as sexually transmitted diseases such as AIDS virus basically does not work, this one; Second, the virus is hidden. For example, AIDS was found in 1981, the pathogens may be as early as 60 years ago to a man; Third, the virus in order to survive will continue to mutate in order to prevent the body's immune system attacks and anti-viral drugs. This is the so-called "villains can always outsmart." In particular the abuse of drugs such as antibiotics, have been changing so that more sophisticated viruses. Medical experts said that the virus mutates very fast speed and variation of the process of gradually develop a resistance to existing drugs. Studies have shown that compared with the laboratory HIV, HIV patients with the highest resistance has increased by 10 times. People familiar with the influenza virus mutates faster than even the development of influenza vaccine can not keep up the situation.

Relapse, a new disease to increase is natural or man-made? Most experts believe that the global environment in recent years by a variety of damage, new and old infectious diseases is frequently an important factor.

Global warming can activate the virus and bacteria and lead to a large number of mosquito breeding and other media. U.S. "Science" magazine paper, said the true number of infectious diseases due to global warming, have been identified 50 outbreaks of infectious disease related to the same temperature. Cutting deforestation, wild animals will be forced to leave the territory to survive, the pathogen directly or indirectly to humans. Wildlife is a virus database itself. Predators or people close to wild animals, can be directly affected by the virus. According to the survey, emerging infectious diseases in 3 / 4 and wildlife-related. The water pollution will lead to cholera and malaria. And economic globalization, frequent mobility, and traffic quickly, and will contribute to the occurrence of new and old infectious diseases and spread.

In addition, the nature of the more than 4,000 species of viruses, 95 percent are still not known to humankind; nature about one million kinds of bacteria, in which human beings only as of 2000 did. The face of such complex microbial world, there are many human needs to be done. Therefore, for any virus outbreak, we must attach great importance to them can not be taken lightly. 1918, from the Spanish influenza epidemic of the early moderate, did not pay attention to the results after the second wave hit, leading to account for approximately 20% ~ 40% of the population infected, of which more than 5000 million people were killed and such a lesson is extremely painful.

Without Borders need to cross-border outbreak response

The influenza epidemic, the spread of the speed, it is unexpected. The era of globalization, a part of any disease may evolve into a global public health incidents, and no country, peoples and individuals to ensure their stay.

Countries due to different levels of economic and scientific research, the ability to respond to the epidemic are different, the effectiveness of prevention and control measures taken by different, but the era of globalization developed as a result of convenient transportation of persons and goods and make frequent and intensive prevention work in any one country, there is a loophole in are likely to affect the effectiveness of prevention and control of the world at large. Therefore, against the current influenza epidemic, and also to resist the financial crisis as a country is no longer a matter of one place, but the common challenges facing the world.

The world's urgent need for international efforts to deal with the epidemic, including the outbreak communications, joint relief, joint scientific research, and the most important is the joint research and development of vaccines. In 2003, after the SARS outbreak, the virus quickly confirmed by the World Health Organization as a model for international research cooperation. If the avian flu have been countries such as Indonesia does not provide samples of bird flu virus, it may not be able to develop a targeted vaccine. If the pharmaceutical company developed a vaccine price increases, then the world will suffer. In fact, as early as the end of the 20th century, the World Health Organization, warned that infectious diseases of mankind is at the brink of global crisis, not a single country is immune, and no country can sit back and relax. Before the SARS epidemic, the organization called for the establishment of new infectious diseases to prevent detection of the global system, shows the importance of international co-operation.

In short, the human struggle with the disease knows no barrier, the weapons in our hands rather than pray, but the scientific method as well as global cooperation together with a high degree of vigilance. For today's various types of viruses and epidemics, as long as we attach importance to it, to strengthen its research, the establishment of a complete monitoring system, the implementation of effective prevention and control measures, we will be able to control its spread and popular, and eventually defeat it. (Yang Jun)


 
 

 
 
 
 
 

[ 作者:佚名    转贴自:本站原创    点击数:196    更新时间:2009-6-9    文章录入:nnb ]

 

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协和专家门诊部艾滋病治疗中心主任、教授、专家,中医药疑难病专治网站长等。论文《艾滋病中医论治探析》登载《中国性病艾滋病》2003版杂志,发明的艾滋病治疗新药康生丹自2002年临床应用至今疗效显著,现有中国唯一艾滋病新药3代…
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