儿童为什么也会感染艾滋病

儿童为什么也会感染艾滋病

    艾滋病对人类的威胁不仅因为它到目前为止无法治愈,而且由于越来越多的婴儿和儿童感染艾滋病病毒并死于艾滋病。因此,婴儿和儿童艾滋病在世界各国已成为一个引入注目的社会问题。患艾滋病的母亲是婴儿感染艾滋病病毒的主要来源,医学上称之为母——婴病毒垂直传播。80%的儿童感染来源于母亲,20%则可能来自输血或其它血制品,只有极少病例是交叉感染造成的。随着对献血员的严格筛选和血制品的加热处理,由输血或血制品感染的危险性下降,而母——婴垂直传播的问题却更为突出,这是因为妇女的感染明显增加的缘故。 
    大多数婴儿感染艾滋病病毒或患艾滋病,都是由于母——胎或母——婴传播的结果。目前全球已有100万婴儿和儿童感染了艾滋病病毒,其牛半数以上已经发展成为艾滋病,他们明显地增高某些地区5岁以下儿童的死亡率。世界卫生组织估计到2000年将有1000万或更多的婴儿和儿童感染艾滋病病毒。他们中的90%将在发展中国家。
    1981——1982年,美国发现第一批艾滋病婴儿和儿童,他们的传播途径为两类,第一类病例接受过输血或血制品;他们因为患血友病或地中海贫血等血液病;第二类病例的双亲属于危险人群,他们中大约70%出生于双亲有静脉注射毒品成瘾史的家庭。  
    总的采看,输血不是婴儿与儿童艾滋病传播的主要途径。大多数被感染的婴儿,他们的母亲都是血清学试验阳性的病毒携带者;而在父亲带病毒,母亲不带病毒的家庭里,没有发现患艾滋病的婴儿,似乎婴儿感染艾滋病病毒是由于母亲,而不是父亲。多数情况是,父亲先感染,然后传给母亲,再由母亲传给婴儿。
    最近,,国外报道了两例罕见的儿童艾滋病病毒的交叉感染,一例是一名儿童接触了另一名艾滋病病毒携带者的流血的伤口而感染,另一名则是与艾滋病儿童共用牙刷而感染。
    美国的艾滋病病人中,13岁以下的儿童占1.2%,宫内感染与产道感染各占30%。美国在1980——1990年间,感染艾滋病病毒的妇女生下了20000个孩子,其中1/3出生时就已感染了艾滋病病毒。泰国有30万妇女感染艾滋病病毒,她们生下的孩子也有不少受到了感染。估计到本世纪末,泰国将有100万儿童携带病毒。
    一般认为,两岁以内患艾滋病的婴儿可能是在妊娠期或分娩时感染的;而两岁以上的艾滋病患儿,则一般不是经母——婴感染途径。例如在罗马尼亚,感染艾滋病病毒最多的是孤儿。原因是在罗马尼亚的孤儿院里,往往用同一瓶血浆给几个儿童注射,而且用过的注射器和针头没有严格消毒就再次使用,结果是,艾滋病夺去了许多罗马尼亚儿童的生命。
    巴西儿童感染艾滋病的情况也非常严重,和罗马尼亚不同的是,这些儿童不是孤儿院里的孤儿,而是流浪在大街上没人要的弃儿。据巴西政府统计,诊断为感染艾滋病病毒的人,几乎一半是青少年。为什么会出现这种情况呢?因为无家可归的少年儿童为了生存不得不卖淫,他们的“嫖客”往往是已经感染了艾滋病病毒的青年和成年人。这些少年儿童情愿与比自己大的人发生性接触,因为可以得到保护,不再受其他大孩子的欺负。
    在美国,儿童艾滋病患者的种族和性别分布与成人患者明显不同,几乎一半患儿是黑人,白人和拉美人各占25%;约一半患儿是女孩。他们感染的危险因素也与成人不同,约40%患儿的父母一方或双方是静脉注射毒品成瘾者;29%的患儿父母之一或双亲是海地人;17%的患儿接受过输血或血制品;也有患儿的父母就是艾滋病患者。

Why would children infected with HIV

     AIDS a threat to humanity not only because it is so far no cure, and as a result of an increasing number of infants and children infected with HIV and died of AIDS. Therefore, AIDS, infant and child in the world has become a visible social problem. AIDS infection in the baby's mother is the main source of HIV, known as the mother of medicine - infant vertical transmission of HIV. 80% of the children from getting infected from the mother, 20% is likely to come from blood transfusions or other blood products, only a few cases are caused by cross infection. With the strict screening of blood donors and blood products of heat treatment, by the transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products reduced the risk of infection, while the mother - infant vertical transmission of the problem is more prominent because of a marked increase in infected women because .
     The majority of infants infected with HIV or suffering from AIDS, are due to the mother - fetus or the mother - infant and dissemination of results. At present, there are one million infants and children infected with HIV, more than half of their cattle had developed into AIDS, they are obviously increased in some areas children under age 5 mortality rates. World Health Organization estimated that in 2000 there will be 10 million or more infants and children infected with HIV. 90% of them will be in developing countries.
     1981 - 1982, the United States found the first batch of AIDS in infants and children, and their route of transmission for the two categories, the first category of cases receiving blood transfusions or blood products; they are suffering from thalassemia, such as hemophilia or blood disease; the second types of cases both parents belonging to risk groups, about 70% of their parents was born in intravenous drug addicts have a family history.
     Mining the overall perspective, infant and child blood transfusion is not the main means of HIV transmission. The majority of infected babies, their mothers are serological tests HIV positive; with the virus in the father, the mother of the family without the virus, there is no baby was found suffering from AIDS, it seems that infants infected with HIV due to mother rather than the father. In most cases, the father of the first infection, and then to the mother, then from mothers to their babies.
     Recently, reported two cases of foreign children in a rare cross-infection of HIV, one example is a child exposed to HIV, another bloody wounds and infections, while the other was shared toothbrushes and AIDS infected children .
     AIDS patients in the United States, children under the age of 13 accounted for 1.2%, intrauterine infection and the middle 30% of each tract infections. The United States in 1980 - 1990 years of women infected with HIV gave birth to 20,000 children, of which 1 / 3 at birth had been infected with HIV. Thailand's 30 million women infected with HIV, they gave birth to many children have been infected. Is estimated that by the end of this century, Thailand, 100 million children will be carrying the virus.
     Is generally believed that within two-year-old baby suffering from AIDS may be infected during pregnancy or childbirth; and more than two-year-old children with AIDS, are generally not the mother - infant infection. For example, in Romania, the largest number of HIV orphans. The reason is that the orphanages in Romania, often using the same number of children a bottle of plasma to the injection, and used syringes and needles not strictly on the re-use disinfection, as a result, AIDS claimed the lives of many children in Romania.
     Brazil, the situation of children infected with AIDS is very serious, and Romania, these children are not orphans in the orphanage, but nobody wanted wandering in the streets of abandoned children. According to Brazilian government statistics, was diagnosed as infected with HIV, almost half of young people. Why did this happen? Homeless children as forced prostitution in order to survive, and their "clients" are often already infected with HIV-positive young people and adults. These children than their own reluctance and a great person to have sexual contact, because they can be protected, no longer subject to bully other children.
     In the United States, children with AIDS and race and gender distribution is obviously different from adult patients, almost half of children are black, white and Latin America each accounted for 25% of people; about half of children are girls. They also risk factors for infection with the adult is different from about 40% of children with one or both parents are intravenous drug addicts; 29% of children with one parent or both parents are Haitians; 17% of patients receiving blood transfusions or blood products; also the parents of children with AIDS.
 
 
 
 
 

[ 作者:佚名    转贴自:本站原创    点击数:196    更新时间:2009-5-14    文章录入:nnb ]

 

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协和专家门诊部艾滋病治疗中心主任、教授、专家,中医药疑难病专治网站长等。论文《艾滋病中医论治探析》登载《中国性病艾滋病》2003版杂志,发明的艾滋病治疗新药康生丹自2002年临床应用至今疗效显著,现有中国唯一艾滋病新药3代…
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