尼日尔的两名儿童接种预防脑膜炎疫苗。
一名4岁的津巴布韦霍乱患者接受治疗。
印度抗击艾滋病宣传活动。
中国日报供本报特稿 目前，甲型H1N1流感还在全球肆虐。
不过，甲型H1N1流感病毒远不是当今世界最可怕的病毒。美国《外交政策》杂志近日特意总结了近半个世纪以来对全人类造成严重威胁的5大疾病，霍乱、脑膜炎、艾滋病、埃博拉病毒、登革热，它们才是最可怕的……
1．霍乱
定义：霍乱是由霍乱弧菌引起的急性肠道传染病，常经水、食物、生活接触和苍蝇等传播，发病急、传播快、波及面广、危害严重。经水传播是霍乱最主要的传播途径，历次较广泛的流行或暴发多与水质被污染有关。
暴发地：世界卫生组织称，霍乱对全人类具有永久性的威胁，并且威胁在不断增大。近几十年来，霍乱主要在非洲的许多地方、南亚以及拉美的一些地方暴发。
近期暴发记录：据历史记载，霍乱共有7次大流行。在1817年至1923年的百余年间，共暴发6次，次次都造成了难以估计的损失，死者也超过数千万。
第7次霍乱大流行则发生在1961年，源于印度尼西亚，然后传到亚洲其他国家和欧洲；1970年进入非洲，百年不见霍乱踪影的非洲从此深受其害。1991年霍乱袭扰拉丁美洲，一年内就造成40万病例和4000名死者，仅秘鲁经济损失就达7．7亿美元。
最近的一次霍乱大暴发是在津巴布韦。据世界卫生组织近期的一份报告显示，津巴布韦自2008年8月暴发霍乱疫情以来，感染人数已经超过9．6万，其中超过4200人死亡。
2．脑膜炎
定义：脑膜炎是脊髓液和大脑周围液体受到细菌感染而诱发的疾病。这类细菌对抗生素较为敏感，早期发现和治疗可以痊愈。脑膜炎的主要症状是发热、剧烈头痛和颈部僵硬等，如不及时治疗，患者可能会失去意识甚至死亡。
暴发地：非洲撒哈拉沙漠以南地区是脑膜炎的频发地区。据世界卫生组织介绍，非洲东起埃塞俄比亚，西至塞内加尔的21个国家是脑膜炎高发地区。
近期暴发记录：自2009年1月以来，非洲的尼日尔、尼日利亚和乍得3国共有超过2000人死于脑膜炎。目前仅这3国就确诊了5．6万名脑膜炎病人。
今年尼日利亚的脑膜炎疫情比原先估计的严重得多。尼日利亚卫生部的统计数据表明，过去两个月里，尼日利亚脑膜炎病例数量增加了8倍，达到47902例，而死亡人数也从卫生部今年3月初宣布的300余人增加到2000余人。
3．艾滋病
定义：艾滋病，英语缩写ＡＩＤＳ的音译，是人体感染了“人类免疫缺陷病毒”（ＨＩＶ）又称艾滋病病毒所导致的传染病。
暴发地：1981年6月5日，美国亚特兰大疾病控制中心在《发病率与死亡率周刊》上简要介绍了5例艾滋病病人的病史，这是世界上第一次有关艾滋病的正式记载。
近期暴发记录：2008年7月，联合国艾滋病规划署发布了《2008艾滋病流行状况报告》。报告指出，全球艾滋病患者的总数仍然居高不下。
4．埃博拉病毒
定义：埃博拉病毒又译作伊波拉病毒，是一种能引起人类和灵长类动物产生埃博拉出血热的烈性传染病病毒，死亡率很高，在50％至90％之间。目前尚无抵御埃博拉病毒的有效药物，也没有针对埃博拉病毒的标准治疗方法。
暴发地：埃博拉病毒的传染源尚未查明，但不少研究者认为是从动物身上传染而来。目前已有乌干达、刚果（金）、加蓬、苏丹和科特迪瓦暴发过人类感染事件。
近期暴发记录：最近一次的埃博拉病毒大暴发是在今年2月的刚果（金），共确诊32例，有15人死亡，但此次疫情不及两年前同样发生在该国的疫情严重。2007年，刚果（金）暴发埃博拉疫情，致使160多人死亡。
5．登革热
定义：登革热是登革热病毒引起、依蚊传播的一种急性传染病。临床特征为发病快，高热，全身肌肉、骨髓及关节痛，极度疲乏，部分患者有皮疹、出血倾向和淋巴结肿大。
暴发地：该病于1779年在埃及开罗、印度尼西亚雅加达及美国费城发现，并据症状命名为关节热和骨折热。1869年由英国伦敦皇家内科学会命名为登革热。
近期暴发记录：2009年2月，澳洲旅游胜地昆士兰北部暴发2004年以来最严重的登革热疫情，其中旅游胜地开恩兹有226人受到感染，患者包括多名婴儿。
今年1月以来，阿根廷北部地区也暴发严重登革热疫情。据官方统计数据显示，该国目前已有7700多例登革热病例。
此外，玻利维亚、巴西、巴拉圭等南美国家也先后出现登革热疫情并迅速传播。（方颖）
This is a fatal disease 5
05 years http://www.sina.com.cn 2009 day 22 on the Shenzhen Evening News 11:37
Niger's two children to prevent meningitis vaccine inoculation.
A 4-year-old patient to receive treatment of cholera in Zimbabwe.
India's fight against AIDS campaign.
Feature for this newspaper China Daily At present, H1N1 Type A influenza is still a global epidemic.
However, Type A H1N1 influenza virus is far from being the world's most terrible virus. U.S. "Foreign Policy" magazine recently summed up specially for almost half a century poses a serious threat to all mankind of 5 diseases, cholera, meningitis, AIDS, Ebola virus, dengue fever, which is the most terrible ... ...
1. Cholera
Definition: Vibrio cholerae Cholera is caused by acute gastro-intestinal diseases, often through water, food, live contact and flies such as the spread of acute onset, spread rapidly, the magnitude of Canton, a serious threat. By water-borne is the most important route of transmission of cholera, a wider range of previous outbreaks of epidemic or water contaminated with the relevant.
Outbreak to: World Health Organization, said cholera on a permanent threat to all mankind, and the growing threat. In recent decades, mainly in cholera in many parts of Africa, South Asia and Latin America in some places the outbreak.
The recent outbreak of record: According to historical records, a total of 7 cholera pandemic. In 1817 to 1923 of over a hundred years, a total of 6 outbreaks, summits resulted in incalculable losses, more than tens of millions of deceased.
The 7th cholera pandemic occurred in 1961, from Indonesia, and then spread to other countries in Asia and Europe; to Africa in 1970, a hundred years no trace of cholera in Africa suffer from this. Harassment of cholera in Latin America in 1991, one year resulted in 400,000 cases and 4,000 dead, only the economic losses in Peru amounted to 770 million U.S. dollars.
A recent large outbreak of cholera in Zimbabwe. According to a recent WHO report shows that Zimbabwe since August 2008 since the outbreak of cholera epidemic, the number of infections has more than 96,000, of which more than 4200 people died.
2. Meningitis
Definition: meningitis and cerebral spinal fluid is the liquid surrounding induced by bacterial infection and disease. Such bacteria are more sensitive to antibiotics, early detection and treatment can be cured. The main symptoms of meningitis are fever, severe headache and neck stiffness, such as, if not treated, the patient may lose consciousness or even death.
Outbreak to: sub-Saharan Africa are the areas where the frequency of meningitis. According to the World Health Organization, the East Africa from Ethiopia, west of the 21 countries of Senegal is a high incidence of meningitis in the region.
The recent outbreak of record: since since January 2009, Africa's Niger, Nigeria and Chad, a total of three countries more than 2000 people died of meningitis. This currently only 3 countries on the 56,000 diagnosed patients with meningitis.
Meningitis epidemic in Nigeria this year than the much more serious than originally estimated. Nigeria Ministry of Health statistics show that over the past two months, the number of meningitis cases in Nigeria increased by 8 percent, reaching 47,902 cases, while the death toll from the Ministry of Health announced early in March this year, more than 300 people to 2000 people.
3. AIDS
Definition: AIDS, the English transliteration of the acronym AIDS, was infected with the human body, "human immunodeficiency virus" (HIV), also known as a result of HIV infection.
Outbreak to: June 5, 1981, the United States Centers for Disease Control in Atlanta, the "morbidity and mortality weekly" briefed on the five cases of patients with a history of AIDS, which is the world's first official records relating to AIDS.
The recent outbreak of record: in July 2008, UNAIDS issued a "2008 report on the state of the AIDS epidemic." The report states that the total number of AIDS patients worldwide are still high.
4. Ebola virus
Definition: Ebola virus, Ebola virus and translated, is a can cause humans and primates have a potent Ebola haemorrhagic fever virus infectious diseases, high mortality, in the 50-90% between. Against Ebola virus is currently no effective drugs, there is no standard for the Ebola virus treatment.
Outbreak: The Ebola virus has not yet identified the source of infection, but many researchers think it is coming from infected animals. So far, Uganda, Congo (Kinshasa), Gabon, Sudan and Cote d'Ivoire outbreak incidents of human infection.
The recent outbreak of record: The most recent large outbreak of Ebola virus in February this year the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), a total of 32 cases confirmed, 15 people were killed, but the same situation occurred in less than two years ago, the country's serious epidemic . In 2007, Congo (Kinshasa) outbreak of the Ebola epidemic, which killed 160 people.
5. Dengue fever
Definition: Dengue fever is caused by dengue virus, according to an acute mosquito-borne diseases. Incidence of clinical features for fast, high fever, body muscle, bone and joint pain, extreme fatigue, some patients have skin rashes, bleeding tendency, and lymph nodes.
Outbreak to: the disease in 1779 in Cairo, Egypt, Indonesia, Jakarta and the United States found in the Philadelphia and named for the joints, according to symptoms of heat and thermal fracture. London, England in 1869 by the Royal Society of Medicine named as dengue fever.
The recent outbreak of record: February 2009, the north Queensland tourist destination in Australia since 2004 outbreak the most serious outbreak of dengue fever, of which there are 226 tourist destination Cairns people are infected, the patient, including more than babies.
Since January this year, the northern region of Argentina is also a serious outbreak of dengue fever epidemic. According to official statistics show that the country now more than 7700 cases of dengue fever cases.
In addition, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay and other South American countries have also emerged and the rapid spread of dengue fever epidemic. (Fang Ying)
