UNIVERSITY OF RWANDA 交流:辩证地看中国资本家群体

张京宏 原创 | 2022-04-07 17:10 | 收藏 | 投票

发言:张京宏

时间:2022.4.6  RWANDA  KIGALI

 

UR孔子学院朋友、总统办公室朋友、卢旺达金融公司朋友、商会朋友们、李主席:

下午和总统办公室朋友进行了两个小时沟通,因为总统刚刚从赞比亚回到基加利,对金融和投资方面也比较关切。我和总统办公室朋友说,疫情之下,没有完卵(倾巢之下,安有完卵),别说卢旺达国际资金大量流失,中国国内疫情再次爆发,吉林、上海陆续“沦陷”,这几个月中国国家外汇管理局相关数据显示,国际资金从中国流失了175亿美元,都在流失流动性。卢旺达是“一带一路”沿线重要合作伙伴,对中国人也很友好,国内政治稳定,经济发展快速。有人说,卢旺达是抄作业发展起来的,抄中国发展的作业。总统办公室人员对此报以微笑,并无语言评论。下午参加交流的卢旺达金融公司也是大型国有企业。

交谈结束后,康先生回酒店休息,我用了一两个小时去城市中看了看,发现二手市场比新产品市场发达,中国商人把国内的八九成新的二手服装洗干净海运到这里,便宜出售,还有四五倍利润——比如牛仔裤,国内新品要人民币一百多块钱一件,这里二手市场成色看去几乎和新品一模一样的产品只需要十二三块钱人民币——这个十二三块钱价格中国贸易商还有四五倍毛利。这里劳工工资价格也不高,相当于中国国内五分之一,中国国内现在年轻农民工(50岁以下)基本都去城市里骑电瓶车送外卖了,相对轻松,每月六七千块钱能赚到;50岁到70岁之间年龄大点的农民工,都在建筑工地或装修公司干重活,每天工资150块钱到180块钱,泥水匠等有点手艺的每天工资200块钱到260块钱,而卢旺达建筑工地一天工资差不多人民币30块钱到35块钱之间(张京宏:《利息伦理和借贷投融资》,经济日报出版社,2019年版)。商会李主席说家里雇佣当地保姆,每月薪水支付人人民币400块钱,保姆服务就相当好了。

晚饭时候李主席说,希望我交流能谈谈中国的资本家群体阶层,以供卢旺达参考学习,我说这又是命题作文。不过这还好,内容只涉及经济领域,不会牵扯太敏感或太保密内容。李主席问,保密内容很重要吗?我说是的,若不严谨,就容易被国际间谍盯上,给下个套,弄不好就坐实一个泄露国家秘密的间谍罪,那时浑身是嘴也说不清,跳进黄河也洗不清。许多年纪轻的各领域有建树的科学家、新闻主播、专家都中招获罪。前几周中国北京法院刚刚审理了中国中央电视台播音员成蕾涉嫌间谍罪案件。

一般来说,国外相关势力对中国渗透或窃取情报,大原则分三类:一类是对自然科学领域专家、科学家,主要采取购买科研信息等手段,或直接人身绑架;另一类对哲学社会科学领域专家、新闻从业人员、播音员、外经贸官员等,主要采取交朋友、美人计、行贿等套取情报;第三类是对军队和军工系统人员,进行跟踪、黑客入侵、盗窃以及其他综合手段获取国家秘密情报。许多人犯了间谍罪,自己都不知道——包括之前中国中央电视台一个记者芮成钢,也涉及这方面判刑了。所以披露什么,不披露什么,普通群众感受不到尺度,但专业外交人员和专业传播人员,以及涉外专业法律人员,是非常清晰和明白的(沈宗南、张京宏:《营销传播学》,世新大学出版中心,2010年版)。

我们在全球进行金融投融资交流,促成国际资金到中国国内FDI投资或其他方式合作投资,均是在遵守保守国家秘密框架内进行的。有一些公开的信息,是可以披露的,比如我们到了那个国家,在孔子学院进行了什么讲座交流,这些是可以的,因为这些本来就是公开信息。所以我们这个活,不是随便什么人都能干的,我在国内共事许多年的几个私交很好的同事,多次表示希望能和我一起全球拓展,我没有回应他们,主要是为了自保——如果带他们出来,他们因为虚荣心、因为自身法律知识不足、自身保密意识差被套取了情报或中了圈套坐实了涉嫌间谍罪,我逃脱不了干系,毕竟人是我带出来的。

 

 

1972年尼克松访华,和开国领袖面谈,中美关系开始破冰。此后有国内马克思主义理论专家忧心忡忡地问开国领袖:这要是开放了,和美国交往了,中国会不会再产生大资本家?开国领袖送了一本《共产党宣言》小册子给专家,摆了摆手对专家说,你太高看中国国内这些人了,这些人充其量最多发展成帝国主义买办,成不了真正意义的资本家阶层力量。开国领袖的论断,是基于《共产党宣言》的判断标准(马克思、恩格斯:《共产党宣言》,《马克思恩格斯选集》第1卷,人民出版社1972年版,第250~284)。

恩格斯18881月在英国伦敦写过一版《共产党宣言》序言。恩格斯在该序言中说:“不管最近25年来情况发生了多么大的变化,这个《宣言》中所发挥的一般原理整体来说直到现在还是完全正确的。”(马克思、恩格斯:《共产党宣言》,《马克思恩格斯选集》第1卷,人民出版社1972年版,第238

“市场总是在扩大,需求总是在增加”,共产党宣言中这个判断是对资本家阶层形成必要条件的论述。世界市场使大工业、航海等获得巨大发展,不断扩大产品销路的需要,驱使资产阶级奔走于全球各地。由于生产工具的迅速改进,以及交通的极其便利,一切野蛮民族都被资产阶级卷入到文明中来了。资产阶级使人口和生产资料集中起来,产生了大城市。

从《共产党宣言》原文描述和开国领袖断言来看,《共产党宣言》描述的真正的资产阶级,是不断向全球市场拓展的资产阶级,是不断从全球市场商品交换贸易中获得财富,增加资产阶级本国国民财富和政府税收的资产阶级,是富于全球开拓精神的资产阶级,当然,全球开拓精神从被殖民地角度也可以说成是侵略和掠夺的资本主义,其实是一回事,说法角度不同而已。开国领袖对国内之后几十年发展判断,今天来看,是基本正确的。从1980年代改革开放到2020年代新冠疫情爆发,中国国内造就了六七百人的亿万富翁,但都称不上《共产党宣言》描述定义的资本家。以2022年福布斯财富榜为例,中国首富钟睒睒以657亿美元名列榜首,但并不是全球范围挣钱给中国发展使用,并没有成为创造外汇储备主力,主要是卖水给国内,不是共产党宣言定义的主要在本国之外的全球市场为本国创造财富和税收的资本家阶层力量。包括马化腾、马云等人,一个是挣国内青少年游戏的钱,一个是挣国内小商小贩的钱,谈不上从国际市场为中国赚取大量外汇和为政府贡献大量税收的主力。所以,国家稍微出台政策限制青少年玩游戏,马化腾的财富就立刻缩水44%;国家稍微限制国外资本套着国内买办白手套无序发展,马云立刻从中国首富第一梯队消失,前八强都进不了。真正的共产党宣言定义的资本家是和国家利益紧密捆绑的,为国家创造大量全球市场上赚来的外汇和财富,为国家财政贡献巨大力量——这样的资本家阶层力量,才是开国领袖说的真正资本家阶层力量,也才是共产党宣言定义的资本家。过去改革开放四十几年富了起来的中国人,华为、福耀这样的企业,有一点这样的痕迹,但凤毛麟角,不能称为阶层力量。

中国大型公有制国企控制国民经济命脉,在经济发展过程中起到决定性作用。但这些大型公有制企业从产权和所有制性质来说,属于国家所有,不能定义为资本家所有。

真正的资本家阶层力量,英国历史上出现过,比如英国东印度公司——东印度公司表面上合法经营,实际上帮助英国私人商人贩卖鸦片到中国,为私人商人提供银行汇票等金融支持,正是鸦片贸易扭转了英国对话贸易的国际贸易逆差,为英国带来巨大白银流入,每年五六百万两。所以,道光皇帝命令林则徐虎门销烟,断了资本家阶层财路的时候,英国政府就派军舰发动鸦片战争,强迫中国开通口岸——如果政府愿意为资本家阶层和其创利产品发动战争来开拓市场,说明该国具有真正的资本家阶层。比如美国就有真正资本家阶层,美国政府督促乌克兰战火和紧张局势来发财,就是政府和资本家力量互相配合。

 

 

卢旺达全国4000多名公务员,清正廉洁。现在要进一步发展,又担心和中国一样,陷入腐败旋涡。中国官员腐败也是改革开放之后逐步严重起来的,虽然说官员干部体系主流是好的,但改革开放后中国官员贪腐现象确实比改革开放之前明显严重。你们去查看中央纪委国家监委网站,发现中管干部随便查出来一个,不贪污腐败个几亿几十亿,那都算没本事的。更有本事的贪污的更多还让你查不出来。对普通中国民众来说,每个月几千块钱工资,要多少年才能挣几十亿呢?如果从抄作业的角度,继续学习中国改革经验发展,那么权衡利弊,还是继续开放发展。目前基加利国际金融中心建立两年了,和摩洛哥卡萨布兰卡国际金融中心CFC也建立了联系,这是发展的一个好的起点。先开放接触,从全局整体来看,这是主要矛盾的主要方面。

习近平主席多次在重要会议上直面现状,指出腐败会亡党亡国,坚持对腐败零容忍原则。过去一两个月当中,落马的省部级官员包括前铁道部长盛光祖、辽宁省副省长郝春荣、云南省政协副主席黄毅、以及副国级官员傅政华涉及孙立军犯罪集团被审查等,中国国家反腐败也在马不停蹄。从中国马克思列宁主义哲学立场出发,这样大一个国家,是和改革开放之前那样,全民贫困好,还是一边改革开放大力解放发展生产力,一边抓腐败好呢?从全局看,还是现在这样好。中国反腐和发达国家还有差距,但一直在改进。

希望这些思路,对大家有所帮助。我们再从一个家庭发展角度来说——如果一个家庭,一贫如洗,丈夫窝在村里不劳动,但也老实,妻子没钱买衣服,孩子没钱买玩具,就一直这么穷到老死,是一种活法;另一种活法是,国家改革开放后,有大量打工机会,丈夫外出到城市骑电瓶车送外卖,每月挣钱六七千块钱;妻子去城市餐馆当服务员每月挣钱两三千块,夫妻两人每年打工收入十几万,和以前一贫如洗相比,好,还是不好?当然好(张京宏:长篇小说《卤阳湖》,天津人民出版社,2021年版)。那么再进一步分析,丈夫送外卖每月挣钱六七千块,可能每周花150块钱去城市足疗店或发廊嫖娼解决生理需求问题,每月要花销六七百块钱;或妻子姿色不错,不当服务员了去足疗指压店挣快钱了,十分钟一百块钱收入,一个月一两万,两三年回村就盖起小楼房,五六年就能在县城买房子,这样和过去穷死相比,好,还是不好?我想,群众们已经用行动回答了。穷国发展过程中,有什么资源可以交换,是关键问题,和山村中一无所有的两口子进城一样,男人出卖力气,女人出卖力气或姿色,用来交换钱财,促进服务业发展和GDP增殖。

卢旺达的发展,现在处在“丈夫在建筑工地打工,每天一百块钱收入;妻子在饭店端盘子,每天五十块收入”的阶段,要不要继续前进一步,进一步改革必然面对腐败问题,如同农村丈夫进一步让妻子去城里挣钱而妻子稍有姿色即存在卖淫挣快钱可能性一样。目前没有文献资料确切证明乡村年轻女性到城市从事足疗指压等工作,同时从事色情服务的百分比到底是1%还是5%,缺乏数据对全局占比进行分析支撑,但现象确实是存在的。发展总是要牺牲的。包括外地青年到上海发展,要获得什么,总要付出什么,不可能凭空成功。

我们赞同邓小平观点:发展是硬道理。

 

 

卢旺达是基督教为主的国家。要进一步了解中国改革开放发展基础理论和社会主义经济理论,我推荐两本书,你们可以让孔子学院帮忙购买。一本是中国人民大学出版的《马克思主义经典著作导读》(王平:《马克思主义经典著作导读》,中国人民大学出版社,2016年版),这本书是包括中国社会科学院研究生院博士生入学第一年必读课本,一些学校要求背诵马列著作经典语句。另一本是卫兴华、张宇编著的《社会主义市场经济理论》(卫兴华、张宇:《社会主义市场经济理论》,高等教育出版社,2017年版),是硕士学位参考教科书,系统回答了社会主义经济理论——包括市场经济理论和计划经济理论,也包括了改革发展,重点是国有企业改革若干制度和实践。卢旺达国企改革发展,可以参考这些文献著作。

十八年前美国人拍摄了一部电影,叫《卢旺达饭店》(HOTEL RWANDA),塑造了一个胡图族英雄、比利时航空公司旗下米尔·柯林斯(The Milles Collions Hotel)四星级酒店经理保罗·卢塞萨巴纳吉(Paul Rusesabagina),影片描述了这个酒店经理在卢旺达内部种族屠杀中挽救一千多人的故事——1994年卢旺达贫穷落后,种族屠杀严重,一个月时间胡图族武装屠杀了大量图西族平民,700多万人口有100多万人口被屠戮。后来是图西族贵族即现任总统保罗·卡加梅(Paul Kagame)领导爱国阵线武装反攻成功,从此开启了几十年和平发展时代,但去年这个电影中的酒店经理在基加利国际机场被政府逮捕,判决25年,或涉种族恐怖主义冲突。这个影片是不错的,各位有时间可以看看。现在卢旺达政府是包容性政府,图西族包容了胡图族,并且尊重妇女权益,现任政府也包含了反对阵营领导人担任职务,这是一个非常好的稳定政治环境,为经济发展提供了基本条件,是应当抓紧时机发展,至于抄作业,也是有效方法——没有抄作业,就没有这几十年高速发展成果。

在预防腐败方面,官员出身背景非常重要。总结改革开放四十年来省部级以上落马官员,发现有共性,就是出身贫寒。出身贫寒又身居高位,碰上改革开放市场经济发展时代,心理不平衡、利用权利寻租、利用党纪国法疏漏贪腐,经受不住糖衣炮弹诱惑,不足为奇。中国隋唐之前为什么士族地主可以进行门阀世袭制?因为这种阶层家庭出生的人,从来不缺乏物质条件,极少为了物质条件去贪腐。去认真查阅史料文献,发现汉高祖刘邦时期只有一个丞相陈平,出身贫寒,有贪污盗窃和不正当男女关系问题,之后到唐宋元,封建王朝腐败并没有成为主要矛盾,主要矛盾始终是人口和土地矛盾,发展几百年,土地不够了,人口太多了,土地兼并主要矛盾量变质变后,就造反,朝代更替,顺便战争进行人口减少,往复循环。腐败上升为主要矛盾是在明朝,朱元璋的大臣多是贫苦人家出身,一旦身居高位,比贵族更会利用权力作威作福(范文澜:《中国通史》,辽海出版社,2022年版)。从最近几十年看,另一个现象也要重视,就是许多出身好的官员,虽然不贪腐,但同时也不办事。平时看不出,一旦有事,啥都处理不了,这也是一个问题。将军必起于行伍,宰相必出自郡县,有基层历练经验,是胜任岗位的必要条件。

这里从全局视野看需要指出的是:绝大多数党员、干部都是好的——在少数落马官员中,出身贫寒的占大多数——这个全局和局部的关系应当讲清楚。看看当前中国国内吉林、上海抗疫情况,冲在一线的志愿者们大多是党员干部,为抗疫工作付出了力量。

 

 

中国改革开放四十多年,国民经济长足发展,GDP总量世界第二,但确实还没有产生开国领袖和《共产党宣言》意义上的资本家阶层力量,因此,中国经济体制改革和市场经济尝试既保证了社会稳定,稳固了共产党执政地位,又促进经济发展,总体上是成功的。卢旺达爱国阵线组织领导国家经济发展,可以参考,最好结合自身实际进行相应借鉴。

当然,中国改革开放最大副作用是贫富差距悬殊和官员贪腐,中国正以自己方式解决副作用问题。

201311月起,习近平主席和中国政府把精准扶贫作为一项重要工作,大量派驻党员干部点对点进行扶贫,确保每月消灭100万贫困人口,截止2020年底,中国向世界宣布,彻底完成精准扶贫任务,正式迈入小康社会。小康社会比中等发达社会稍微差一点,但说得过去,是邓小平去日本考察后提出的社会经济发展目标。对十四亿人口大国来说,达成此目标了不起。

中国四十多年改革开放在人际关系层面巨大进步之一,就是礼品向商品迈进,关系向产品迈进。经济落后地方,你搬家的话一般依靠朋友帮忙,经济发达国家则有搬家公司解决。朋友帮忙搬家后,你得请朋友吃饭唱歌,算算账也几千块钱了;搬家公司搬家可能就几百块钱,还干净利索,不欠人情——商品服务条件下,你搬家的效率更高,成本更低。

在商品和产品不发达之前,人们要生存,主要依靠礼品和关系,所谓“礼多人不怪”。《西游记》描写了中国明朝时期社会关系,以神话影射方式进行表达(吴承恩:《西游记》,上海辞书出版社,2001年版)。《西游记》第八十八回“禅到玉华施法会 心猿木母授门人”讲述了唐僧师徒四人到玉华州并收徒弟传艺的故事,吴承恩借广目天王之口批评了孙悟空这种“好为人师”的思想和做法——若不是好为人师收徒弟,就不存在打造兵器的事;若不是打造兵器过于招摇,就不会存在黄狮精月夜闲游观察到这些兵器“光彩冲空”(吴承恩:《西游记》,上海辞书出版社,2001年版,下卷,第796页)。因此黄狮精才起了盗窃心。黄狮精等为了生存,和雪狮、揉狮等共同拜九灵元圣为祖师爷,构筑生存关系网,有了兵器宝贝也没私藏,而是邀请祖师爷来豹头山虎口洞欣赏钉耙宴。九灵元圣即九头狮子,用太乙天尊的话说,自己这个贴身驾驶员也是“久修得道的真灵”,具有“吼叫一声,上通三圣,下彻九泉”的本领。就是说,这个贴身驾驶员兼任中央警卫局警卫员自身有过硬本领。仅仅有本领,没什么了不起,西游记描写中有本事的妖怪神仙比比皆是,关键是有关系。什么关系呢?九头狮子是太乙天尊贴身驾驶员兼警卫员,是属于中央办公厅编制在编人员,是有“身份”的,太乙天尊就是中央政治局常委分管中央组织部工作的,分管天上所有神仙年终考评和升迁,是实权派。所以九头狮子这样的体制内身份,一般不惹事,就好比常委们去北戴河开会,警卫员抽空坐高铁去各地旅游一样,算低调的——九头狮子自己不惹事,在江湖上或各省驻京办交往的朋友也不惹事,包括自己收的徒孙雪狮、揉狮、抟象、黄狮等,均低调不惹事,若不是孙悟空好为人师收徒弟打造兵器太过显眼,黄狮精都不可能偷兵器。不惹事,跟九头狮子混,形成圈子,九头狮子是中央政治局常委贴身驾驶员兼警卫员,今后是有机会让兄弟们都进编制的。想想那黑熊怪,偷袈裟的,不也在观音菩萨哪里混了一个事业编,从事物业管理吗?正是有这样对前途和阶层身份可能改变的期望,黄狮精等均自我严格约束,《西游记》中原文记载,黄狮精月夜闲游发现兵器的前一个月,得了一个美人,本来是蜜月期,还不忘天天跑步锻炼身体,说明是有节制的;为了举办钉耙宴,花了20两银子让两个狼妖购买招待祖师爷的吃用物品,相当于今天两万块钱——两个狼妖也很穷,跟黄狮精这样自我约束严格的山大王混,穷的连过冬的羽绒服都没有,所以两个狼妖商量从20两银子中“报花账”节约二三两,两人各自买一件过冬棉衣。问题是,偷了玉华州兵器后果,是被孙悟空等灭了门,全家被杀,一个不留。虽然吴承恩本意是警醒世人尽量不要好为人师,但这个案例中黄狮精组建的是一个圈子,人际关系圈子,就好比前几年的泰山会,或令计划等组建的山西会,本质是关系网。

中国改革开放四十年发展已经改变了这种形态——从礼品改变为商品,从关系改变为产品。礼品和关系维护目的是解决问题,或解决升迁,或解决自我保护,等等。但社会发展逐渐会转向商品和产品。产品包括了服务和解决方案。总之,《西游记》原著读起来,也是不错的。

 

 

关于国家资本主义议题,不是今天讨论的要点,也不展开。中国改革开放之前是政府垄断所有资源的,改革开放之后逐渐进行经济体制改革,并未涉及政治体制改革。因为中国四十年改革仅仅是经济体制框架改革,未涉及政治体制实质性改革,因此谈不上国家资本主义。从严格学术文献讨论角度来说,经济体制改革、政治体制改革、价值观改革,这三者配套同时改革,才具备去讨论国家资本主义议题的基础。中国局限于经济体制改革,最重要原因是前苏联解体——苏联共产党失去了政权,落汤凤凰不如鸡。前苏联以自由主义和华盛顿共识为价值观指导,同时进行经济体制和政治体制改革,结果是亡党亡国。现在乌克兰和俄罗斯战争,其实都是前苏联成员国,其中乌克兰是列宁创造出来的(列宁:“国家与革命”,《列宁选集》第3卷,人民出版社2012年版,185~203)。

最后,希望双方除了文化交流之外,加强经贸投资和金融领域进一步深入互动。现在疫情几年弄的,简直是冰火两重天——因为恐慌和不确定性,导致全球都缺乏流动性;同时因为富有阶层手中资金迫切需要投资以产生增殖和利息,导致全球资金囤积损耗,放在手里本身就丧失了资金投资赚取收益机会。祝大家在信息交流中能产生更多落地成果。(完)

 

Exchange from University of Rwanda: A Dialectical Look at the Class Power of Chinese Capitalists

 

Speaker: Zhang Jinghong

Time: 2022.4.6 RWANDA KIGALI

 

Friends of the UR Confucius Institute, friends of the President's Office, friends of the Rwanda Financial Corporation, friends of the Chamber of Commerce, and Chairman Li:

In the afternoon, I had a two-hour communication with friends in the President's Office, because the President had just returned to Kigali from Zambia and was also concerned about finance and investment. I told my friends in the President's office that under the epidemic, there is no egg (under the nest, An has an egg), not to mention the massive loss of international funds in Rwanda, the domestic epidemic broke out again in China, and Jilin and Shanghai "fallen" one after another. According to relevant data from China's State Administration of Foreign Exchange in January, international funds have lost 17.5 billion US dollars from China, and they are losing liquidity. Rwanda is an important cooperative partner along the "Belt and Road", and is also very friendly to the Chinese, with domestic political stability and rapid economic development. Some people say that Rwanda developed by copying the homework, and copied the homework developed by China. The staff of the President's Office smiled and made no verbal comment. The Rwanda Financial Corporation, which participated in the exchange in the afternoon, is also a large state-owned enterprise.

After the conversation, Mr. Kang went back to the hotel to rest. I spent an hour or two in the city to have a look. I found that the second-hand market is more developed than the new product market. Chinese merchants wash and ship 80-90% of the new second-hand clothes in China. , sell cheaply, and there are four or five times the profit - such as jeans, a new domestic product costs more than 100 yuan a piece, and the second-hand market here looks almost exactly the same as the new product for only 12 or 3 yuan. This At the price of 12 or 3 yuan, Chinese traders still have four or five times the gross profit. The price of labor wages here is not high, which is equivalent to one-fifth of China's domestic labor. In China, young migrant workers (under 50 years old) basically go to cities to ride battery cars to deliver food. It is relatively easy. Earn; older migrant workers between the ages of 50 and 70 do heavy work in construction sites or decoration companies, earning 150 to 180 yuan per day, and plasterers and other skilled workers earn 200 to 260 yuan per day However, the daily wages of construction sites in Rwanda are between 30 yuan and 35 yuan per day (Zhang Jinghong: "Interest Ethics and Lending Investment and Financing", Economic Daily Press, 2019 edition). Chairman Li of the Chamber of Commerce said that the family employs a local nanny, and the monthly salary is RMB 400. The nanny service is quite good.

During dinner, Chairman Li said that he hoped that I could talk about the capitalist group in China for Rwanda's reference and study. I said that this was another propositional essay. But this is fortunate, the content only involves the economic field, and will not involve too sensitive or too confidential content. Chairman Li asked, is confidentiality important? I said yes, if you are not careful, you will easily be targeted by international spies, and you will be trapped. unclear. Many young and accomplished scientists, news anchors, and experts in various fields have been convicted. A few weeks ago, a court in Beijing, China, heard the case of Cheng Lei, a broadcaster of China Central Television, on suspicion of espionage.

Generally speaking, foreign relevant forces infiltrate or steal intelligence from China, and there are three general principles: one is for experts and scientists in the field of natural sciences, mainly by means of purchasing scientific research information, or direct personal kidnapping; the other is for philosophical society. Experts in the field of science, journalists, announcers, foreign trade and economic officials, etc., mainly use making friends, beauties, bribery, etc. to obtain information; the third category is to track, hack, steal and other personnel in the military and military industrial systems. Comprehensive means to obtain state secret information. Many people have committed espionage without knowing it — including a former reporter from China Central Television, Rui Chenggang, who was also sentenced in this regard. Therefore, what is disclosed and what is not disclosed, ordinary people cannot feel the scale, but professional diplomats and professional communication personnel, as well as foreign-related professional legal personnel, are very clear and clear (Shen Zongnan and Zhang Jinghong: "Marketing Communication", Shih Hsin University Publishing Center, 2010 edition).

We conduct financial investment and financing exchanges around the world, and facilitate international funds to invest in China's domestic FDI or other forms of cooperative investment, all within the framework of keeping state secrets. There are some public information that can be disclosed, such as what lectures and exchanges we had in the Confucius Institute when we arrived in that country, these are allowed, because these are originally public information. Therefore, our job is not something that anyone can do. I have worked in China for many years with a few good personal friends who have expressed many times that they hope to expand globally with me. I did not respond to them, mainly for self-protection— - If I bring them out, they will be accused of espionage because of their vanity, their lack of legal knowledge, and their poor awareness of confidentiality.

 

one

 

In 1972, Nixon visited China and interviewed the founding leaders. Sino-US relations began to break the ice. Since then, some domestic Marxist theorists have worriedly asked the founding leaders: If this opens up and contacts with the United States, will China produce more big capitalists? The founding leader sent a booklet of "Communist Manifesto" to the expert, waved his hand and said to the expert, "You think too highly of these people in China. At best, these people will develop into imperialist compradors, and they will not become the real power of the capitalist class. . The judgment of the founding leaders was based on the judgment criteria of the Communist Manifesto (Marx and Engels: The Communist Manifesto, Selected Works of Marx and Engels, Vol. 1, People's Publishing House, 1972 edition, pp. 250-284).

Engels wrote the preface to a version of the Communist Manifesto in London, England in January 1888. In this preface, Engels said: "No matter how much the situation has changed in the last twenty-five years, the general principles expressed in this Manifesto are still entirely correct until now." (Marx, Engels: The Communist Manifesto. , "Selected Works of Marx and Engels" Vol. 1, People's Publishing House, 1972 edition, p. 238)

"The market is always expanding, and the demand is always increasing." This judgment in the Communist Manifesto is an exposition of the necessary conditions for the formation of the capitalist class. The world market has brought great development in large-scale industry and navigation, and the need to continuously expand the sales of products drives the bourgeoisie to run around the world. Thanks to the rapid improvement of the means of production and the great convenience of communication, all barbarian peoples have been drawn into civilization by the bourgeoisie. The bourgeoisie has concentrated the population and the means of production and has created big cities.

Judging from the original description of the Communist Manifesto and the assertions of the founding leaders, the real bourgeoisie described in the Communist Manifesto is the bourgeoisie that is constantly expanding into the global market, and is constantly gaining wealth and increasing assets from commodity exchange and trade in the global market. The bourgeoisie with its own national wealth and government taxation is a bourgeoisie with a global pioneering spirit. Of course, the global pioneering spirit can also be said to be a capitalism of aggression and plunder from the perspective of the colonized. In fact, it is the same thing. Just different. The judgment of the founding leaders of the development of the country in the following decades is basically correct today. From the reform and opening up in the 1980s to the outbreak of the new crown epidemic in the 2020s, China has created six or seven hundred billionaires, but none of them can be called capitalists as described in the Communist Manifesto. Taking the 2022 Forbes wealth list as an example, Zhong Suisui, the richest man in China, topped the list with US$65.7 billion, but he did not earn money globally for China’s development and use, and did not become the main force in creating foreign exchange reserves, mainly selling water to the country, not The power of the capitalist class that generates wealth and taxation for the country mainly in the global market outside its own country, as defined by the Communist Manifesto. Including Ma Huateng, Ma Yun and others, one is earning money from domestic youth games, the other is earning money from domestic small businesses and hawkers, not to mention the main force that earns a lot of foreign exchange for China from the international market and contributes a lot of tax revenue to the government. Therefore, the state introduced a little policy to restrict young people from playing games, and Ma Huateng's wealth immediately shrank by 44%; the state slightly restricted the disorderly development of foreign capital with domestic comprador white gloves, and Ma Yun immediately disappeared from the first echelon of China's richest man, and the top eight entered the top eight. No. The real capitalists as defined in the Communist Manifesto are closely bound up with national interests, creating a large amount of foreign exchange and wealth earned in the global market for the country, and contributing enormous power to the country’s finances—such capitalist class power is what the founding leaders really said. The power of the capitalist class is also the capitalist as defined in the Communist Manifesto. In the past 40 years of reform and opening up, Chinese people who have become rich, and companies such as Huawei and Fuyao have some traces of this, but they are rare and cannot be called class power.

China's large public-owned state-owned enterprises control the lifeline of the national economy and play a decisive role in the process of economic development. However, in terms of property rights and the nature of ownership, these large public-owned enterprises are owned by the state and cannot be defined as owned by capitalists.

The real power of the capitalist class has appeared in British history. For example, the British East India Company—the East India Company operated legally on the surface, actually helped British private merchants to sell opium to China, and provided financial support such as bank drafts for private merchants. The opium trade reversed the international trade deficit of the British dialogue trade and brought a huge inflow of silver to Britain, five or six million taels a year. Therefore, when Emperor Daoguang ordered Lin Zexu to sell cigarettes at Humen and cut off the capitalist class's financial path, the British government sent warships to launch the Opium War and forced China to open ports - if the government is willing to wage war for the capitalist class and its profit-making products to open up markets, Explain that the country has a real capitalist class. For example, there is a real capitalist class in the United States. The US government urges the war and tensions in Ukraine to make a fortune, that is, the government and capitalists cooperate with each other.

 

two

 

More than 4,000 civil servants in Rwanda are upright and honest. Now we want to develop further, and we are worried that we will fall into a vortex of corruption like China. Corruption among Chinese officials has gradually become serious after the reform and opening up. You go to the website of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection and the State Supervision Commission, and you find that the cadres in the central management have just found out a few hundred million or billions of dollars in corruption. More capable corruption will still make you unable to find out. For ordinary Chinese people, how many years does it take to earn billions of dollars with a monthly salary of several thousand yuan? If we continue to learn from China's reform experience and development from the perspective of copying homework, then we should weigh the pros and cons and continue to open up and develop. At present, the Kigali International Financial Center has been established for two years, and it has also established contact with the Moroccan Casablanca International Financial Center CFC, which is a good starting point for development. Open contacts first. From an overall perspective, this is the main aspect of the main contradiction .

President Xi Jinping has repeatedly faced the status quo at important meetings, pointed out that corruption will destroy the party and the country, and adhered to the principle of zero tolerance for corruption. In the past month or two, officials at the provincial and ministerial level who have been sacked include Sheng Guangzu, the former Minister of Railways, Hao Chunrong, the Vice Governor of Liaoning Province, Huang Yi, Vice Chairman of the Yunnan Provincial Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, and Fu Zhenghua, a deputy national official who was censored for his involvement in the Sun Lijun criminal group. National anti-corruption is also non-stop. From the philosophical standpoint of Chinese Marxism-Leninism, is it better for such a large country to be as impoverished as it was before the reform and opening up? From a global perspective, it is still as good as it is now. There is still a gap between China's anti-corruption and developed countries, but it has been improving.

Hope these ideas are helpful to you. Let's look at it from the perspective of family development - if a family is impoverished, the husband lives in the village and does not work, but he is honest, the wife has no money to buy clothes, and the children have no money to buy toys, and they are so poor until they die of old age. Living method; another living method is that after the country’s reform and opening up, there are a lot of job opportunities. The husband goes out to the city to ride a battery car to deliver food, earning six or seven thousand yuan per month; the wife goes to the city restaurant as a waiter and earns two yuan per month. 3,000 yuan, the husband and wife earn more than 100,000 yuan per year by working part-time. Compared with the poverty in the past, is it good or bad? Of course it is good (Zhang Jinghong: novel "Luyang Lake", Tianjin People's Publishing House, 2021 edition). Then further analysis, the husband earns 6,000 to 7,000 yuan per month for food delivery, and may spend 150 yuan per week to go to the city foot spa or hair salon to visit prostitutes to solve the problem of physiological needs, which will cost 600 to 700 yuan per month; Yes, I was not a waiter and went to a foot massage shop to make quick money. I earned 100 yuan in ten minutes, and 10,000 to 20,000 a month. After returning to the village in two or three years, I can build a small building, and I can buy a house in the county town in five or six years. Compared with the poor and dead in the past, is this better or worse? I think the masses have responded with action. In the process of developing a poor country, what resources can be exchanged is a key issue. Just like a couple from a mountain village who have nothing to go to the city, men sell their strength and women sell their strength or beauty to exchange money to promote the development of the service industry and the growth of GDP.

The development of Rwanda is now in the stage of "the husband works at the construction site, earning 100 yuan a day; the wife is serving dishes in a restaurant, earning 50 yuan a day". Should we go further, further reforms will inevitably face corruption? Just as rural husbands further let their wives go to the city to earn money, and if the wives have a little beauty, there is the possibility of prostitution to make quick money. At present, there is no documentary evidence to prove that the percentage of young rural women who go to cities to engage in pedicure and acupressure, and also engage in pornographic services is 1% or 5%. There is a lack of data to analyze the overall proportion, but the phenomenon does exist. Development always comes with sacrifice. Including young people from other places who come to Shanghai to develop, they always have to pay for what they want to achieve. It is impossible to succeed out of thin air.

We agree with Deng Xiaoping's point of view: development is the last word.

 

three

 

Rwanda is a predominantly Christian country. To learn more about the basic theory of China's reform, opening up and development and socialist economic theory, I recommend two books, you can ask the Confucius Institute to help you buy them. One is "Introduction to Marxist Classics" published by Renmin University of China (Wang Ping: "Introduction to Marxist Classics", Renmin University of China Press, 2016 edition). Textbooks are required for the first year, and some schools require you to recite classic sentences from Marxist-Leninist works. The other is "Theory of Socialist Market Economy" edited by Wei Xinghua and Zhang Yu (Wei Xinghua and Zhang Yu: "Theory of Socialist Market Economy", Higher Education Press, 2017 edition), which is a reference textbook for master's degree, It systematically answers the socialist economic theories - including market economy theory and planned economy theory, as well as reform and development, focusing on some systems and practices of state-owned enterprise reform. For the reform and development of state-owned enterprises in Rwanda, you can refer to these literatures.

Eighteen years ago, the Americans made a movie called "Hotel Rwanda", which portrayed a Hutu hero and the four-star hotel manager of The Milles Collions Hotel under Belgian Airlines, Paul Paul Rusesabagina, the film tells the story of the hotel manager who saved more than a thousand people from the Rwandan genocide - in 1994, Rwanda was poor and backward, the genocide was serious, and the Hutu armed slaughter took place in a month A large number of Tutsi civilians, more than 7 million people, and more than 1 million people were slaughtered. Later, it was the Tutsi nobleman, the current president, Paul Kagame, who led the successful armed counteroffensive of the Patriotic Front, which ushered in an era of peaceful development for decades. But last year, the hotel manager in this movie was arrested at Kigali International Airport. Government arrest, sentenced to 25 years, or involvement in racial terrorism conflict. This video is very good, you can watch it when you have time. Rwanda now The government is an inclusive government. The Tutsi include the Hutu and respect the rights of women. The current government also includes leaders of the opposition camp. This is a very good and stable political environment, which provides basic conditions for economic development. It is necessary to seize the opportunity to develop. As for copying homework, it is also an effective method - without copying homework, there will be no achievements of rapid development in the past few decades.

In preventing corruption, the background of officials is very important. Summarizing the 40 years of reform and opening up, officials at or above the provincial and ministerial level have been dismissed and found that they have something in common, that is, they were born into poverty. It is not surprising that he came from a poor family and held a high position. In the era of reform and opening up and the development of the market economy, it is not surprising that he is unbalanced in psychology, uses power to seek rent, and uses party discipline and national laws to omit corruption. Before Sui and Tang Dynasties in China, why did the gentry landlords carry out the hereditary system of clans? Because people born in this class of families have never lacked material conditions, and seldom go to corruption for material conditions. I checked the historical documents carefully and found that there was only one prime minister, Chen Ping, in the period of Liu Bang, the emperor of the Han Dynasty. He was born in a poor family and had problems with corruption and theft and improper relationship between men and women. Later, in the Tang, Song and Yuan Dynasties, corruption in the feudal dynasties did not become the main contradiction. The main contradiction is always population. Conflict with land, after hundreds of years of development, there is not enough land, and the population is too large. After the main contradiction of land annexation has changed in quantity and quality, there will be rebellions, dynasties will change, and the war will reduce the population, and the cycle will go back and forth. Corruption became the main contradiction in the Ming Dynasty. Most of Zhu Yuanzhang's ministers were from poor families. Once in high positions, they would use their power to make a fortune (Fan Wenlan: "General History of China", Liaohai Publishing House, 2022 edition). From the perspective of recent decades, another phenomenon should also be paid attention to, that is, many officials from good backgrounds, although not corrupt, but at the same time do not do business. I don’t usually see it. Once something happens, I can’t handle it. This is also a problem. Generals must start in the ranks, and prime ministers must be from the prefectures and counties, and experience at the grassroots level is a necessary condition for being competent for the post.

From an overall perspective, what needs to be pointed out here is that the vast majority of party members and cadres are good—among the few officials who have fallen out of office, the majority are from poor backgrounds—the relationship between the overall situation and the part should be made clear. Looking at the current anti-epidemic situation in Jilin and Shanghai in China, most of the volunteers on the front line are party members and cadres, who have contributed to the anti-epidemic work.

 

Four

 

For more than 40 years since China’s reform and opening up, its national economy has developed rapidly, and its total GDP is second in the world. However, it has not produced the founding leaders and the capitalist class in the sense of the Communist Manifesto. Therefore, China’s economic system reform and market economy attempts have both It has ensured social stability, consolidated the ruling position of the Communist Party, and promoted economic development, which is generally successful. The Rwanda Patriotic Front organization leads the country's economic development, which can be used as a reference.

Of course, the biggest side effect of China's reform and opening up is the wide gap between the rich and the poor and official corruption. China is addressing the side effects in its own way.

Since November 2013, President Xi Jinping and the Chinese government have regarded targeted poverty alleviation as an important task, dispatching a large number of party members and cadres to carry out point-to-point poverty alleviation, ensuring the elimination of 1 million poor people every month. By the end of 2020, China announced to the world that it will completely complete targeted poverty alleviation. The task is to officially enter a well-off society. A moderately prosperous society is slightly worse than a moderately developed society, but to be fair, it is the social and economic development goal proposed by Deng Xiaoping after his inspection tour to Japan. For a country with a population of 1.4 billion, achieving this goal is remarkable.

One of the great progress in the interpersonal level of China's reform and opening up for more than 40 years is that gifts are moving towards commodities, and relationships are moving towards products. In economically backward places, you generally rely on friends to help you when you move, while in economically developed countries there are moving companies. After a friend helps you move, you have to invite your friend to eat and sing, and it costs a few thousand yuan to settle accounts; the moving company may move a few hundred yuan, and it is clean and neat, and you don’t owe favors—under the condition of goods and services, your moving efficiency is even higher. higher and lower cost.

Before commodities and products were underdeveloped, people mainly depended on gifts and relationships to survive. "Journey to the West" describes the social relations during the Ming Dynasty in China, and expresses it in a mythological way (Wu Chengen: "Journey to the West", Shanghai Dictionary Publishing House, 2001 edition). "Journey to the West" Chapter 88 "Zen arrives at Yuhua to cast spells and learn from the ape and wood mother" tells the story of the four monks and disciples of Tang Dynasty who went to Yuhua Prefecture and accepted their apprentices to pass on art. Wu Chengen criticized Sun Wukong through the mouth of the King Guangmu. This kind of thinking and practice of "being a good teacher" -- if it wasn't for being a good teacher and taking apprentices, there would be no weapon-building; if the weapon-building was not too ostentatious, there would be no such thing as Huangshi Jingyue Ye Xingyou observed that these weapons "rushed into the air with brilliance" (Wu Chengen: "Journey to the West", Shanghai Dictionary Publishing House, 2001 edition, Vol. 2, p. 796). Therefore, Huang Shijing began to steal. In order to survive, Huang Shijing and others worship Jiuling Yuansheng together with Xueshi and Zhushi as their ancestors, and build a survival relationship network. They do not hide their weapons and treasures, but invite their ancestors to come to the Hukou Cave of Leopard Head Mountain to appreciate them. Nail feast. Jiuling Yuansheng is a nine-headed lion. In the words of Taiyi Tianzun, his personal driver is also a "true spirit who has been cultivated for a long time", and has the ability to "roar, go up to the three saints, and down to Jiuquan". That is to say, this personal driver also has excellent skills as a guard of the Central Guard Bureau. Just having the ability is nothing special. There are many monsters and gods who have the ability in the description of Journey to the West. The key is to have a relationship. What does it matter? The nine-headed lion is Taiyi Tianzun's personal driver and security guard. It belongs to the staff of the Central General Office and has an "identity". Taiyi Tianzun is a member of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee in charge of the work of the Central Organization Department and in charge of all the gods in the sky. Year-end evaluation and promotion are the real power faction. Therefore, the status of the nine-headed lion in the system generally does not cause trouble. It is like the standing committee members go to Beidaihe for a meeting, and the guards take the time to travel by high-speed rail. It is considered a low-key - the nine-headed lion does not cause trouble by itself, and is stationed on the rivers and lakes or in various provinces. The friends that Beijing Office associates with do not cause trouble, including the apprentices Sun Xueshi, Lu Shi, Tuan Xiang, Huang Shi, etc., all of which are low-key and do not cause trouble. If it wasn't for Sun Wukong's ability to make weapons for others, teachers and apprentices would be too conspicuous, and Huang Shijing would not be possible. Steal weapons. Don't cause trouble, mix with the nine-headed lions and form a circle. The nine-headed lions are the personal driver and guard of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee. Think about that black bear monster, who stole the cassock, didn't he also make a career in the Guanyin Bodhisattva, and was engaged in property management? It is precisely because of such expectations that the future and class status may change, Huang Shijing and others are strictly self-restrained. The original text in "Journey to the West" records that Huang Shijing found a weapon a month before the moon and night leisure travel, and got a beauty, originally a beauty. During the honeymoon period, I did not forget to run and exercise every day, which shows that it is in moderation; in order to hold a nail rake feast, I spent 20 taels of silver to let two wolf demons buy food items for the ancestors, which is equivalent to 20,000 yuan today—— The two wolf demons are also very poor. They are mixed with the self-disciplined mountain king like Huang Shijing. The poor don't even have a winter down jacket, so the two wolf demons discussed to save two or three taels from the 20 taels of silver. , they each bought a winter coat. The problem is that the consequences of stealing Yuhuazhou's weapons are that Sun Wukong and others destroy the door, and the whole family is killed, leaving no one behind. Although Wu Chengen's original intention was to warn the world not to be a good teacher, in this case, Huang Shijing formed a circle, a circle of interpersonal relationships, just like the Taishan Club a few years ago, or the Shanxi Club formed by Ling Jihua, which is essentially a network of relationships.

Forty years of China's reform and opening up have changed this form - from gifts to commodities, and from relationships to products. The purpose of gifts and relationship maintenance is to solve problems, or to solve promotion, or to solve self-protection, etc. But social development will gradually turn to commodities and products. Products include services and solutions. In short, the original "Journey to the West" is also good to read.

 

Fives

 

Regarding the issue of state capitalism, it is not the main point of today's discussion, nor will it be expanded. Before China's reform and opening up, the government monopolized all resources. After the reform and opening up, the economic system reform was gradually carried out, but the political system reform was not involved. Because China's 40-year reform is only a framework reform of the economic system and does not involve substantive reform of the political system, there is no mention of state capitalism. From the perspective of strict academic literature discussion, the reform of the economic system, the reform of the political system, and the reform of values, all three must be reformed at the same time, so that we can have the basis for discussing the issue of state capitalism. China is limited to the reform of the economic system, and the most important reason is the disintegration of the former Soviet Union - the Communist Party of the Soviet Union lost its power, and the phoenix is not as good as a chicken. Guided by the values of liberalism and the Washington Consensus, the former Soviet Union carried out economic and political reforms at the same time, resulting in the collapse of the party and the country. The current war between Ukraine and Russia is actually a former member of the Soviet Union, of which Ukraine was created by Lenin (Lenin: "The State and Revolution", "Selected Works of Lenin", Vol. 3, People's Publishing House, 2012, pp. 185-203).

Finally, it is hoped that in addition to cultural exchanges, the two sides will strengthen further interaction in the fields of economy, trade, investment and finance. The outbreak of the epidemic in the past few years is like a double world - because of panic and uncertainty, the global lack of liquidity; at the same time, because the funds in the hands of the wealthy class urgently need investment to generate proliferation and interest, leading to global capital hoarding and depletion, Putting it in the hand itself loses the opportunity to earn income from capital investment. I wish you more achievements in the exchange of information. (over)

 

 

 

个人简介
张京宏(1977— ),男,汉族,籍贯陕西渭南,定居上海。中学就读于杨虎城将军创办的尧山中学,本科就读于中国矿业大学(1997-2001,法学),研究生阶段分别就读于台湾世新大学(2009-2012,传播学)和中国社会科学院大学研究生…
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