父亲的朋友们

张京宏 原创 | 2022-04-16 23:06 | 收藏 | 投票

 

作者:张京宏

时间:2022.4.16  NederlandHolland) Amsterdam

 

父亲去世已经五年了。20223月底,在西安、上海疫情严重的环境下,母亲在防疫政策允许的时段从城市回到了乡村——45日就是清明节,我的父亲,伯父,爷爷,奶奶,外公,外婆,舅舅,姑姑,都埋葬在故乡公坟里。母亲回到故乡,一方面是乡村人情往来,谁家娶媳妇,谁家出嫁女儿,一直有往来的就去封礼、捧场,另一方面也是回去祭奠逝去的亲人。

这两天,我忽然想起了父亲生前的朋友们,于是想做一个回顾,当做纪念。

 

 

父亲生于19495月,老实,倔强,身材中等,偏瘦,眉清目秀。1960年左右三年自然灾害期间,十一岁出头,缺粮,举家以榆树皮熬稀粥糊口,一家四口爷爷奶奶姑姑和父亲总算活了下来。1969年结婚。结婚第8年才有了第一个儿子,也就是我。为庆祝我出生,我爷爷杀了一头猪在我过百天时候请亲戚朋友吃席,关系不错互相来往的乡邻们拿着鸡蛋或布匹等前来祝贺,那时很少给现金——我母亲回忆说,收到现金两毛钱到五毛钱算很好了。

我爷爷是贫农主任,阶级成分好,所以那样的年代,我父亲其实也是“红二代”。我母亲至今还承认她作为大地主女儿嫁给我父亲后回娘家,给我外婆说的第一句话:“嫁给贫农主任的儿子,今后也能抬起头做人了。”不仅如此,我母亲后来还当选了妇女队长。

那时候还是合作社,我们家都是劳力,工分挣得多,我父亲又有我爷爷贫农主任身份照顾着,妥妥的红二代,娶媳妇不愁,交朋友自然不愁。在我记忆中,家庭给我安排的“干爹”就不下三四个。这是最原始熟人社会的人际关系网,在我出生几天就开始由大人们张罗着。在那样的年代,人口不允许流动,大家从出生开始,到死亡,基本就在那一片土地之上。所以,关系网就很重要。现在想想,大人们对孩子寄予了怎样的帮助,不亚于城市人给娃补课花钱的心思。“干爹”有我奶奶抱着我去“撞道”碰到的,有我父母去韩城修铁路认识的,有我父母去义务修建东方红灌溉渠认识的(张京宏:长篇小说《卤阳湖》,天津人民出版社,2021年版,第4~7)。现在想来,我父亲那时之所以好交朋友,人家也乐意和他交朋友,打个比喻的话,我父亲相当于当时那个论家庭成分年代我们生产队的“王撕葱”,这样比喻现在的读者们很难理解——那样的年代,家庭成分比钱重要的多。

在那样的时代背景下,我的干爷爷、干奶奶给了我真正的爱,干爹中也只有干爷爷儿子爱护过我。这个结论是四十多年社会浮沉变迁后的结论。

邓小平改革是双刃剑。我母亲感谢邓小平改革,她说:毛主席把她父亲——解放前西北五省总会计——打成了大地主,从西安城赶到了乡下;特殊十年时期她哥哥也就是我的舅舅考上了飞行员拿到了录取通知书,却因政审过不了关,压在农村种地一辈子,去年也去世了;但邓小平恢复高考,取消家庭成分论,允许她的儿子通过高考上了大学进了城;所以,她还是感谢共产党,感谢邓小平。

我父亲就没有那么幸运了。联产承包责任制后,不吃大锅饭了,各过各的,我父亲原来阶级成分时代的光环灭了,我爷爷的贫农主任也不值钱了,而我父亲学不会木匠、学不会泥水匠、只会种地的劣势立刻在社会历史环境改变情况下凸显了出来。我母亲立刻感觉我父亲这个丈夫各种没本事——联产承包后各家经济环境几年时间就差距明显了,我母亲多次闹离婚,但最终没有闹成——当时离婚需要娘家同意,我外公不同意离婚,说要讲信用。你不能当时感觉人家家庭成分好家庭殷实就嫁过去,现在情况变了就离,我外公认为这样不厚道。我始终认为,我外公格局和眼界,并不是一个鼠目寸光和缺乏信用的乡间小人物,他不过是时代剧烈变迁带来的浮沉而已,他是有信用观念的。

对我父亲来说,除了地主家女儿的妻子不断闹事,身边大部分朋友都悄悄断交。人们说,底层社会都是朴实的,我感觉说对了一部分,其实底层社会也是现实的。这些朋友和我父亲陆续断交,我已经渐渐能记起事情了。

但那时,对什么是朋友,我概念是模糊的。我只是记得有一个“干爹”,我那时非常小,我父亲骑自行车带我,我是坐在自行车前面钢梁上一个儿童座椅上的,大概过年时候,我父亲和我去的,具体初几我无法考证,这种乡村走亲一般都是提前说好的,初几到谁家,结果去了那个干爹“不在场”,一个老太太,即这个干爹的母亲,说人不在,今后不要来了,这就相当于“打斩”了,就是绝交了。我母亲在闹离婚不成后,逐渐开始支撑起这个家,对所有人家因为环境变化和我家绝交的,一律同意。后来,又过了十来年,我考上了大学,看到我们家后代走出农村了,似乎要有恢复邦交之意,但我母亲坚决拒绝了。别说我母亲,就是我,突然天上掉下来一个人,让我开口叫人家“干爹”,我也接受不了。

所以,我父亲的那么多朋友,我的“干爹”群们,除了我的干爷爷和干奶奶没有因为贫富变化和历史条件变化“翻脸”、“绝交”之外,其余的绝大多数朋友,全部断交。不是我父亲不和人家来往,恰恰相反,是因为我父亲在新历史条件下——失去了家庭成分优势,又没有其他优势——没什么“价值”而“被断交”的。

 

 

除了干爷爷和干奶奶几十年一如既往地真心对待我父母和我之外,我父亲还有几个朋友,没有因为贫富变化和境遇沉浮而嫌贫爱富,始终保持了一生友谊。其中有两个,我印象深刻。

一个是北蒋村的席黑娃。他和我父亲年龄相仿,脾性相近。我小时候,父亲经常骑着自行车,带着我到北蒋村,去席黑娃家看鸽子。席黑娃是养鸽子专家,养了一辈子鸽子。我父亲和我去——那时我父亲已经在联产承包责任制环境下,日子过的落后了——席黑娃从来没有因为贫富而疏远朋友。我父亲去世的时候,席黑娃专门到家里和公坟祭奠,送老朋友最后一程。在坟地祭奠时候,我扶起这个年近七旬的长辈,对他表示感谢。他对我说:好着哩!下苦一辈子,你父亲最终这下场很好哩,癌症手术后养了十四五年,老了睡的柏木棺材。

另一个是本村的程洋娃。他比我父亲小些,估计小十岁八岁左右。我父亲去世三周年的时候,他提前到家里,给我说了他和我父亲一生友谊起点。程洋娃说,年轻时候他和我父亲去渭南澄县韦庄村打工,他那时大概十七八岁吧,有一天他突然肚子疼,我父亲和工地灶房上师傅关系好,关照灶房师傅给他熬了一碗模糊,热模糊一喝,一出汗,肚子疼就好了,从此,这份情谊开启了他们一生的友谊。我父亲临终前,频繁看望他最多的也是程洋娃。

还有几个脾性相近,一生交往的朋友,没有因为贫富变化忽远忽近,但大部分已经过世。

 

 

这种人生经历深刻地影响了我。既然我父亲那个年代,在人口几乎不流动的熟人社会里,朋友大部分都是随时可以翻脸的,那么在改革开放人口快速流动环境下,还有朋友吗?远离故乡到外面发展,在流动性极强的社会环境中,能有真朋友吗?如何识别周围人接近你是因为德性相近还是其他目的?是为了推销墓地还是为了传销或借钱?还是真的大家合得来?有时候想想,娃哈哈品牌老板的女儿四十岁过了,没找到对象,难道也是无法识别,要接近她和她结婚的到底是图人还是图财产吗?

孔子和孟子对朋友有不同定义。孔子定义的朋友是德性相近,和贫富无关。就是性格合得来,能说到一起,彼此和而不同,彼此能坦诚而隐晦地指正对方但不是恶意或偏见。孟子说朋友除了指正自己,成为自己一面镜子之外,还要诚信,不能坑人。《孟子·滕文公上》原文说的是“长幼有序,朋友有信”。现在社会,被朋友坑的太多了,被借钱不还翻脸的,被朋友出卖坐牢的,比比皆是。

《论语·里仁》说:事父母几谏。引申为朋友之间关系,说的是朋友之间提指正建议要隐晦委婉注意方法,因为直接说容易让朋友脸没地方搁,进一步容易导致翻脸。

王阳明创立心学后,主张朋友之间应当互相鼓励,总指正容易让人不高兴。

抖音和微信朋友圈流行后,诸多鸡汤文宣传“和谁相处舒服就和谁相处”——这种特殊的朋友观,既取消了朋友作为镜子观照指正自己进而不断内省提高自己的功能,又取消了朋友鼓励鞭策为自己加油的功能,使得朋友仅仅成了休闲娱乐品。反过来说,这种朋友观为什么很有市场呢?这是因为一方面现在人口流动太频繁,大家基本谈不上深交,既然不深交,谁都没有资格指正谁;同时工业社会和商业社会劳动者之间本质是竞争关系决定了谁也不可能真心鼓励祝福谁,这是马克思研究资本论得出的观点。

看看上海抗疫,就更能明白其中利害。上海封闭,物资缺乏,市民团购,最后一公里是问题。于是,政府说,允许美团开始送!结果是,美团的快递小哥们没有看到“打赏”就不接单,市民沸腾,于是政府又紧急叫停美团。从这个过程中,固然快递小哥利用这种送货平台垄断条件要“打赏”未必符合理论上的道德,但美团从来没给小哥们缴纳过社保,小哥们从来也没有得到过保障,关键时刻这样的表现未必值得站在道德制高点绑架批判。这能不能看成是朋友关系的反作用呢——去年政府要求美团给小哥们缴纳社保,美团不干,逼小哥们自己注册个体工商户——今年关键时刻本来美团垄断上海最后一公里运力的,结果小哥们反将一军,政府叫停美团,京东在一旁烧火,展开了新的斗争。

 

 

朋友,本来是熟人社会的产物——大家从生到死,都在一个地方,互相知根知底,德性相近,脾气相投,成为朋友。现在,随着发展,手机有了朋友圈,根据统计朋友圈除了“熟人在场”之外,以销售和广告为目的的占了朋友圈总数的半壁江山。这些并不是熟人,也不是知根知底的,这就给朋友圈怎么发带来了矛盾。比如一个人想给亲朋好友们展示孩子们的学习和成长情况,想发一些照片,但考虑朋友圈一半以上的人并不是可信的“熟人”,无奈只能发送朋友圈时进行“分组”,每次发送朋友圈都需要设置“分组可见”者占十之三四。比如我们发家庭信息照片,对互相了解的熟人,是无所谓防备的,但对一些不是同学、同事、老乡、亲戚、知根知底朋友的人来说,就不得不防,不得不考虑安全因素,毕竟人心叵测。

心理学、社会学和传播学估计在朋友圈时代需要前沿理论研究的创新——熟人社会场景改变了,朋友圈里来了陌生人,我们怎么办——除了设置时间为“三天可见”和每次发朋友圈进行“分组可见”之外,还有什么办法,这是一个人口高速流动时代一个新的研究课题。

 

 

我父亲临终前两个月,我们见面相处了两天,是20179月,我从北京开会现场没有回上海而直接回去的。父亲向我展示了他种的黄瓜,绿油油的,大约二十公分长,黄瓜藤蔓爬在木头架子上,蔓上还开着黄色的花。那时虚岁69岁的父亲骨瘦如柴,已经胃癌养了十四五年时间,心肺衰竭,主要依靠杜冷丁等药品镇痛,但精神状态好,神志清晰。如今父亲去世五年了,我来复盘他一生交朋友的往事,希望对自己和孩子们多一些参照和启发。

也希望新冠疫情结束后,新的征途中,能遇到更多志趣相近的朋友。(完)

 

father's friends

 

Author: Zhang Jinghong

Time: 2022.4.16 Nederland (Holland) Amsterdam

 

It has been five years since my father died. At the end of March 2022, under the severe epidemic situation in Xi'an and Shanghai, my mother returned to the village from the city during the period allowed by the epidemic prevention policy. April 5th is the Qingming Festival. My father, uncle, grandfather, grandma, grandfather, grandmother , Uncle, aunt, are buried in the hometown public grave. When the mother returned to her hometown, on the one hand, it was the relationship between the villagers, whoever married a daughter-in-law, and whoever married a daughter, who had been in contact all the time, went to give gifts and cheer, and on the other hand, she went back to pay homage to the deceased relatives.

In the past two days, I suddenly remembered my father's friends before his death, so I wanted to make a review as a memorial.

 

one

 

My father was born in May 1949. He is honest, stubborn, medium stature, thin and handsome. During the three years of natural disasters around 1960, when I was in my early 11s and lacked food, my family made porridge with elm bark to make a living. My family of four, my grandparents, my grandparents, my aunt, and my father finally survived. Married in 1969. It was only in the 8th year of marriage that we had our first son, me. To celebrate my birth, my grandfather killed a pig and invited relatives and friends to a feast on my 100th day. Neighbors who had a good relationship with each other came to congratulate me with eggs or cloth, and I rarely gave cash at that time—I Mother recalled that it was good to receive two to five cents in cash.

My grandfather was a poor peasant director with a good class composition, so in those days, my father was actually a "second generation of red". My mother still admits that she, as the daughter of a big landlord, married my father and returned to her parents' home. The first thing she said to my grandmother was: "If you marry the son of a poor peasant director, you will be able to raise your head and be a man from now on." Not only that, my mother Later he was also elected captain of the women's team.

At that time, it was still a cooperative. Our family was full of laborers and earned a lot of work points. My father also took care of my grandfather as a poor peasant director. He was a proper second generation of red, and he had no worries about marrying a wife and making friends. In my memory, the family arranged for me no less than three or four "godfathers". This is the interpersonal network of the most primitive acquaintance society, and it was started by adults a few days after I was born. In those days, the population was not allowed to flow, and everyone was basically on that piece of land from birth to death. So, the relationship network is very important. Thinking about it now, what kind of help the adults have given to the children is no less than the thought of urbanites spending money on supplementary classes for their children. "Godfather" was met by my grandmother who carried me to "Crash Road", my parents who went to Hancheng to build a railway, and my parents who were obliged to build the Dongfanghong Irrigation Canal (Zhang Jinghong: novel "Luoyang Lake", Tianjin People's Publishing House, 2021 edition, pp. 4~7). Thinking about it now, the reason why my father was good at making friends at that time was that people were willing to make friends with him. To use an analogy, my father was equivalent to the "Wang Tear Onions" of our production team in the age of family composition. This is a metaphor for today's It's hard for readers to understand - in those days, family composition was more important than money.

Under the background of that era, my godfather and grandma gave me real love, and among godfathers, only godfather and son loved me. This conclusion is the conclusion after more than 40 years of social ups and downs.

Deng Xiaoping's reform was a double-edged sword. My mother thanked Deng Xiaoping for his reforms. She said: Chairman Mao made her father, the chief accountant of the five northwestern provinces before liberation, into a big landowner and rushed to the countryside from Xi'an; during the special ten years, her brother was my uncle. She got into the pilot and got the admission letter, but because she could not pass the political examination, she was forced to farm in the countryside all her life and died last year. Therefore, she still thanked the Communist Party and Deng Xiaoping.

My father was not so lucky. After the joint production contract responsibility system, I no longer eat a big pot of rice, and each has his own way. My father's former halo of class composition has disappeared, my grandfather's poor peasant director is not worth much, and my father can't learn carpentry or plasterer. , the disadvantage of only farming is immediately highlighted in the changing social and historical environment. My mother immediately felt that my father, a husband, was incompetent. After a few years of joint production contract, the economic environment of each family was significantly different. My mother divorced many times, but it did not happen in the end. At that time, the divorce required the consent of the parents. My grandfather did not agree to the divorce, he said to be trustworthy. You couldn't get married at the time when you felt that the family was good and the family was rich, and now the situation has changed, you can leave. My grandfather thought that was unkind. I always believed that my grandfather's pattern and vision was not a small country character with short-sightedness and lack of credit. He was just the ups and downs brought about by the drastic changes of the times, and he had the concept of credit.

For my father, except for the constant trouble of the landlord's daughter's wife, most of the friends around him quietly broke off. People say that the bottom society is simple. I feel that part of it is right. In fact, the bottom society is also realistic. These friends and my father broke off one after another, and I was gradually able to remember things.

But at that time, I had a vague concept of what a friend was. I just remember there was a "godfather", I was very young, my father took me on a bicycle, I was sitting in a child seat on the steel beam in front of the bicycle, about the New Year, my father and I went there, I can't verify the specific day of the first day. This kind of rural relatives are usually agreed in advance. Whose house is the first day, and the godfather is "not present". An old lady, that is, the godfather's mother, said that people No, don't come here in the future, this is equivalent to "killing", that is, breaking up the friendship. After my mother failed to get a divorce, she gradually began to support the family. She agreed to all families who broke up with my family because of environmental changes. Later, after another ten years, I was admitted to a university, and when I saw our descendants have left the countryside, it seemed that I wanted to restore diplomatic relations, but my mother firmly refused. Don't say my mother, it's me. Suddenly a person fell from the sky and asked me to call them "Godfather", and I couldn't accept it.

Therefore, among my father's so many friends, my "godfather" group, except my godfather and grandma who did not "turn over" or "break up" because of changes in wealth and historical conditions, the vast majority of the rest Friends, cut off all ties. It's not that my father doesn't interact with other people, but on the contrary, it's because my father was "broken off" because he had no "value" under the new historical conditions -- he lost the advantage of family composition and had no other advantages.

 

two

 

In addition to my grandfather and grandmother, who have always treated my parents and me with sincerity for decades, my father has a few friends. He has not disliked the poor and loved the rich because of the changes in the rich and the poor and the ups and downs of the situation, and has always maintained a lifelong friendship. There were two of them, and I was impressed.

One is Xi Heiwa from Beijiang Village. He was about the same age as my father and had a similar temperament. When I was young, my father often rode a bicycle and took me to Beijiang Village to see the pigeons at Xiheiwa's house. Xi Heiwa is an expert in raising pigeons and has raised pigeons all her life. My father and I went there—at that time my father was already living behind under the joint production contract responsibility system—Xihewa never alienated friends because of the rich and the poor. When my father died, Xi Heiwa went to the house and the public grave to pay homage to her, and to send her old friends the last trip. During the memorial ceremony at the cemetery, I helped the elder who was nearly seventy years old and expressed my gratitude to him. He said to me: All right! After a lifetime of hardship, your father ended up very well in the end. After fourteen or five years of cancer surgery, he slept in a cypress coffin.

The other is Cheng Yangwa from this village. He was younger than my father, maybe ten or eight years younger. On the third anniversary of my father's death, he came home early and told me the beginning of his lifelong friendship with my father. Cheng Yangwa said that when he was young, he and my father went to work in Weizhuang Village, Cheng County, Weinan. He was about 17 or 18 years old. One day, he suddenly had a stomachache. My father had a good relationship with the cook on the construction site and took care of the cook. He boiled a bowl of Fuzzy, drank it when it was hot and fuzzy, and as soon as he sweated, his stomach ache was fine. From then on, this friendship started their lifelong friendship. Before my father died, Cheng Yangwa was the one who visited him most frequently.

There are also a few friends who have similar temperaments and have been in contact with each other all their lives. They have not gone far or near because of changes in wealth and poverty, but most of them have passed away.

 

three

 

This life experience deeply affected me. Since in my father's time, in the acquaintance society where the population was hardly mobile, most of the friends could turn their faces at any time, so in the fast-moving environment of reform and opening up, are there any friends? Far from the hometown to develop outside, in a highly mobile social environment, can you have true friends? How to identify people around you approaching you because of similar virtues or other purposes? Is it to market the cemetery or for pyramid schemes or borrowing money? Or do you really get along? Sometimes I think about it, the daughter of the owner of the Wahaha brand is over 40 years old, and she can't identify her if she can't find a partner. Is the person who wants to approach her and marry her a figurine or a figurine?

Confucius and Mencius have different definitions of friends. Confucius defines friends as having similar virtues, regardless of whether they are rich or poor. It means that the personalities are compatible, they can speak together, they are different from each other, and they can correct each other frankly and implicitly, but not malicious or prejudiced. Mencius said that in addition to correcting oneself and becoming a mirror of oneself, friends must also be honest and not cheat others. The original text of "Mencius Teng Wengong" said that "old and young are orderly, and friends have faith". In today's society, there are too many people who have been cheated by friends, people who have been turned over by borrowing money, and people who have been betrayed by friends and go to jail.

"The Analects of Confucius, Liren" says: What is the advice of parents? It is extended to the relationship between friends. It means that friends should be subtle and euphemistic to pay attention to the method of correcting and correcting, because it is easy to make friends face no place to put it directly, which will further easily lead to turning over.

After Wang Yangming founded Xinxue, he advocated that friends should encourage each other.

After Douyin and WeChat Moments became popular, many chicken soup articles promoted "get along with whomever is comfortable with" - this special view of friends not only cancels friends as a mirror to observe and correct themselves, and then constantly introspect and improve their own functions, It also canceled the function of friends encouraging and cheering for themselves, making friends only a leisure and entertainment product. Conversely, why is this view of friends so marketable? This is because, on the one hand, population movements are too frequent now, and we basically can’t talk about deep friendship. Since we don’t have deep friendship, no one is qualified to correct anyone; at the same time, the competition between workers in industrial society and commercial society determines that no one can be sincere. Whoever is encouraged to bless, this is the point of view drawn by Marx's study of Capital.

If you look at Shanghai's fight against the epidemic, you can better understand the benefits. Shanghai is closed, there is a shortage of supplies, and citizens buy in groups. The last mile is a problem. So, the government said, allow Meituan to start delivering! As a result, Meituan's courier buddies did not take orders without seeing the "reward", and the citizens were boiling, so the government urgently stopped Meituan. From this process, although the courier brother used this kind of delivery platform monopoly condition to "reward" may not be in line with theoretical morals, but Meituan has never paid social security to the little buddy, and the little buddy has never been guaranteed. Such performance at a critical moment may not be worth kidnapping and criticizing from the moral high ground. Can this be seen as a counter-effect of friendship? Last year, the government required Meituan to pay social security to the younger buddies, but Meituan refused and forced the younger buddies to register as self-employed industrial and commercial households. At the critical moment of this year, Meituan originally monopolized the last mile of Shanghai. Due to the lack of transportation capacity, the little buddies turned against the army, the government stopped Meituan, and JD.com set fire to the side and started a new struggle.

 

Four

 

Friends are originally a product of a society of acquaintances—everyone is in one place from birth to death, they know each other well, have similar virtues, have similar temperaments, and become friends. Now, with the development, the mobile phone has a circle of friends. According to statistics, in addition to "acquaintances present", the circle of friends accounts for half of the total circle of friends for sales and advertising purposes. These are not acquaintances, nor do they know the bottom line, which brings contradictions to how to send friends in the circle of friends. For example, a person wants to show relatives and friends the children's learning and growth, wants to send some photos, but considers that more than half of the people in the circle of friends are not credible "acquaintances", but can only "group" when sending the circle of friends , every time you send a circle of friends, you need to set "group visible" to account for three or four out of ten. For example, when we send photos of family information, there is no need to take precautions against acquaintances who know each other, but for some people who are not classmates, colleagues, fellow villagers, relatives, or friends who know their roots, they have to take precautions and consider safety factors. After all, people’s hearts Unpredictable.

Psychology, sociology and communication studies estimate that innovations in cutting-edge theoretical research are needed in the era of Moments - the social scene of acquaintances has changed, and strangers come to Moments, what should we do - except setting the time to "visible for three days" and Every time I send a circle of friends for "group visibility", what else is there to do? This is a new research topic in an era of rapid population flow.

 

five

 

Two months before my father died, we met and got along for two days. It was in September 2017. I went back directly from the meeting in Beijing without returning to Shanghai. My father showed me the cucumbers he planted. They were green and about twenty centimeters long. The cucumber vines were crawling on the wooden shelf, and there were yellow flowers on the vines. At that time, his 69-year-old father was as thin as a wood. He had been raised with stomach cancer for 14-5 years. He had heart and lung failure. He mainly relied on medicines such as Dermatin for pain relief, but his mental state was good and his mind was clear. Now that my father passed away five years ago, I will review the past of his life making friends, hoping to give me and my children more reference and inspiration.

I also hope that after the new crown epidemic is over, I can meet more friends with similar interests in the new journey. (Finish)

 

个人简介
张京宏(1977— ),男,汉族,籍贯陕西渭南,定居上海。中学就读于杨虎城将军创办的尧山中学,本科就读于中国矿业大学(1997-2001,法学),研究生阶段分别就读于台湾世新大学(2009-2012,传播学)和中国社会科学院大学研究生…
每日关注 更多
赞助商广告