食疗的历史

食疗的历史

什么是食疗

  食疗是在中医理论指导下,运用营养治疗学等知识,根据药食同源、养医同理,充分发挥各类食物即可做食品,又有药用,无毒副作用的功效,以达到防病、治病、康复保健、养生益寿的目的。

  食疗这一概念是近几年被大家所认识和接受,但饮食文化的起源却很早。

  远古时代,有“神农尝百草”,人们在发现了食物的同时,也发现了治病的药物,很多动植物“用之充饥则谓之食,以其疗病则谓之药”,生动地说明了先民再寻找食物过程种,发现有很多种类的食物可以解除疾病所带来的痛苦,有些食物吃后具有健体的作用。于是,许多既可以果腹,又可以治病的食物被人们所重视,这就是中医学“药食同源”的理论依据。

食疗的起源和应用

   食疗起源于夏禹时代,人们发现姜合桂都是辛温之品,有抵御风寒的作用,又是烹饪中常用的调味品。以此烹调成汤液,既是食品,又是汤药,说明商代已有朴素的饮食疗法。到周朝,人们对饮食已相当讲究,以“五味、五谷、五药养其病”把饮食五味、五谷和药物结合起来。

   成书于汉代的《神农本草经》是我过最早的一部药物学专著,其中记载了可做药用的食物50余种,如:酸枣、葡萄、大枣、干姜、赤小豆、龙眼、杏仁、桃仁、米谷、蔬菜、虫鱼、禽、肉等,并记录了这些食品有延年益寿的功效。

   唐代时期食疗保健得到重大发展,出版了我国第一部食疗方专书------《食疗本草》,共载食物药261种。如气嗽用杏仁煎,下痢用生姜汁加白密方等。书中指出,食物有四性、五味,四性即寒、热、温、凉;五味是酸、苦、甘、辛、咸。在五味中“辛甘发散为阳,酸苦通泻为阴,咸味涌泻为阴,淡味渗泄为阳”。根据不同性质的疾病,选用不同性质的食物,有针对性的进行调理和治疗。

原始人类在与自然界斗争的过程中,逐渐发现了有些动、植物既可充饥又可保健疗疾,积累了很多宝贵的经验。随着社会的进步,人们认识并开始利用火。《礼含文嘉》中记载:“燧人氏钻木取火,炮生为熟,令人无腹疾,有异于禽兽。”可见火的发现是人类饮食营养养生保健的一次进步,具有深远的意义。

  随着陶器的出现和使用,食物的炮制不仅限于“火匕燔肉”和“石上燔谷”,烹调方法日益多样化,食物的味道也更加可口。此时期还出现了酒,在《吕氏春秋》中就已有“仪狄作酒”的记载,但最初只限于粮食作物和果实自然发酵而成的酒,此后又出现了复合成分的食用酒和药用酒。

  商代的大臣伊尹改革了烹饪器具,并发明了羹和汤液等食品,开创了煮食和去渣喝汤的饮食方法。公元前5世纪的周代,出现了专门掌管饮食营养保健的“食医”。此后,醋、酱、糖、豆腐等调料及食品也相继出现。

  战国时期的《内经》是我国第一部医学理论专著,《素问·五常政大论》主张:“大毒治病,十去其六;常毒治病,十去其七;小毒治病,十去其八;无毒治病,十去其九。谷肉果菜,食养尽之,无使过之,伤其正也。”书中高度评价了食疗养生的作用,也是食疗养生理论的重大进步。

  东汉名医张仲景治疗外感病时服桂枝汤后要“啜热稀粥一升余以助药力”,在服药期间还应禁忌生冷、粘腻、辛辣等食物,可见其对饮食养生及其辅助治疗作用的重视。

  隋唐时期有很多食疗专著问世,如孙思邈的《千金要方》卷二十六专论食治,他主张“为医者,当晓病源,知其所犯,以食治治之,食疗不愈,然后命药”,体现了“药治不如食治”的原则。此后《食疗本草》、《食性本草》等专著都系统记载了一些食物药及药膳方。宋代的《圣济总录》中专设食治一门,介绍各种疾病的食疗方法。宋代陈直著有《养老奉亲书》,专门论述老年人的卫生保健问题,重点谈论了饮食营养保健的重要作用。元代饮膳太医忽思慧编撰的《饮膳正要》一书,继承食、养、医结合的传统,对健康人的饮食做了很多的论述,堪称我国第一部营养学专著。明代李时珍的《本草纲目》收载了谷物、蔬菜、水果类药物300余种,动物类药物400余种.皆可供食疗使用。此外,卢和的《食物本草》、王孟英的《随息居饮食谱》及费伯雄的《费氏食养三种》等著作的出现,使食疗养生学得到了全面的发展。

膳食指南的历史与发展
 

 

    膳食指南是在长期社会实践过程中发展起来的。在20世纪前30年,营养科学主要是认识营养素和营养缺乏病,向人们推荐合理膳食主要也是针对营养不良症,如1918年英国政府就推荐儿童膳食必须包含一定量的牛奶等。到下半世纪,发达国家出现了营养过剩,引起慢性退行性疾病发病率的上升,也是人群主要死亡原因之一。通过营养学、医学、生物学和流行病学研究,查明了膳食和若干慢性病有关。1963年美国心脏病医师协会首先提出了减少膳食脂肪和饱和脂肪酸的摄入以降低患心血管病的危险。1968年瑞典出版了第一部膳食目标,名为“北欧各国人群食物医学观”具体提出了减少脂肪能量、饱和脂肪酸、食糖,增加蔬菜、水果、脱脂奶、鱼、瘦肉和谷类,经常运动防止超重等条目。

  美国于1980年发表了《营养与健康:美国人的膳食指南》第一版。并于1985年和1990年分别进行修改。发表了第二版和第三版。从1990年开始,美国公法规定至少五年要联合发表一次《美国人的膳食指南》,1995年正式依法发布了第四版,共有七条即:

  (1)食物多样化;
  (2)进食量要与体力活动平衡,维持或改善体重;
  (3)选用含丰富粮谷类、蔬菜和水果的膳食;
  (4)选用低脂肪、低饱和脂肪酸和低胆固醇的膳食;
  (5)采用含食糖有限的膳食;
  (6)选用含食盐有限的膳食;
  (7)假若饮酒应节制。

  和以往的版本比较,新《指南》强调体力活动和能量平衡,进一步强调植物性食物。1992年美国农业部人类营养信息处设计出版了美国的食物金字塔,以图解的形式宣传膳食指南,形象化的表达帮助人们每日合理安排膳食。

  其它国家从七十年代末起都先后由不同部门负责制定了各自的膳食指南,这些国家的营养问题多与美国类似,其膳食指南也主要是针对慢性病的预防。他们普遍提到限制或减少脂肪能量,减少饱和脂肪酸,限制食糖、盐的摄入,增加膳食纤维和保持适宜体重等方面。


 
Therapeutic history
What is therapeutic

   Dietotherapy are at under the guidance of traditional Chinese medicine theory, the use of nutrition therapy, such as study of knowledge, according to fresh homologous drugs, the raising of the medical the same token, give full play to the various types of food can make food, and medicinal, non-toxic side effects effectiveness, so as to achieve against the disease, rehabilitation care, health Yishou purposes.

   The concept of diet in recent years are being recognized and accepted by everyone, but the origin of food culture has a long time ago.

   Ancient times, there is, "Shen Nong tasted a hundred herbs", it was the discovery of the food, but also found the drug treatment, a lot of animals and plants used "hunger can be referred to as food, its treatment and disease can be referred to as medicine", which vividly describes the process of our ancestors again in search of food species and found that there is a lot of types of food can be brought about by the lifting of the suffering of disease, after eating some food with the role of physical fitness. Thus, much can feed their families, can cure people of great importance to food, which is traditional Chinese medicine "medicine food homology" the theoretical basis.

The origin and application of therapeutic

    Dietotherapy Yu originated in time, it has been found competent Gui Jiang Xin Wen are the goods, have to resist the role of wind and cold, and are commonly used cooking spices. Tang cooking liquid as is the food, it is him for the medical expenses that the Shang Dynasty have been a simple diet. To the Zhou dynasty, there has been considerable attention to the diet in order to "Gomi, grains, five of its drug dependent disease" put diet flavors, grains and drug combination.

    Into a book in the Han Dynasty, "Shen Nong's Herbal Classic" is the earliest I had a drug study monographs, one of documented medicinal food can do more than 50 species, such as: axillaris, grapes, jujube, ginger,赤小豆, longan, almonds, peach kernel, rice, vegetables, fish, poultry, meat, etc., and records of these foods have longevity effect.

    Therapeutic care during the Tang Dynasty to be a major development in the publication of our country's first diet book ------" side Dietotherapy Bencao ", a total of 261 kinds of food medicine. Gas such as cough with fried almonds, diarrhea add ginger juice with white, such as Micronesia. The book pointed out that the food there is four, and five flavors, four of that cold, heat, temperature, cold; flavors are sour, bitter, Gan, Sim, salty. At Five in the "divergence辛甘for Yang,酸苦Tong Yin diarrhea, diarrhea for salty Chung Yin, light permeability for Yang vent." Depending on the nature of the disease, selection of different kinds of food, there is targeted for conditioning and treatment.

Original human struggle with nature in the process, gradually found that some animal and plant health疗疾can eat while accumulated much valuable experience. Along with social progress, it was recognized and began to use fire. "Ceremony with the text of Kerry" recorded: "燧人氏钻木取火, artillery Health for cooked, it is free of abdominal disease, there is different from the beasts." Discovery of fire can be seen are the human diet in a health care progress, and has far-reaching significance .

With the emergence and use of pottery, food processing is not limited to "Fire Burnt meat dagger" and "Burnt on Stone Valley", the growing diversification of cooking methods, food taste more delicious. This period of alcohol, in the "Lu Shi Chun Qiu" on there, "Miriam Di for alcohol," the records, but initially limited to food crops and fruits from the natural fermentation of wine, followed by a complex composition of alcohol consumption and medicinal wine.

Minister Shang Yiyin reformed cooking apparatus, and the invention of liquid such as broth and soup of food, cooking and go to create a Java Ways soup diet. 5th century BC the Zhou Dynasty, a specialized diet in charge of health care "medical food." Since then, the vinegar, soy sauce, sugar, bean and other spices and food have also emerged.

Warring States period, the "Canon" is the first monograph on medical theories, "the five permanent members of National Chengchi University Suwen theory" advocates: "Big drug treatment, six of its ten go; regular drug treatment, seven of its ten go; small drug administration disease, eight of its ten go; non-toxic treatment, ten, nine go. Valley meat fruits and vegetables, food to make them dependent, non-so-off, the wounds of its being also. "diet book, highly praised the role of health as well as food Health & Wellness Theory significant progress.

Zhang Zhongjing medical treatment of the Eastern Han Dynasty when exopathic disease after serving Guizhi Decoction to "suck more than a liter of hot稀粥drugs to help" and should be taboo in the medication during the cold,粘腻, spicy food, etc., can be seen eating their health and their adjuvant therapy the role of attention.

Sui and Tang dynasties have come out a lot of therapeutic monographs, such as Sun's "daughter to party" Volume 26 monographs Fresh governance, he advocates "for the healer, when Xiao sources, knowing committed to food governance rule, food不愈treatment, and then life medicine ", which embodies the" medicine as food rule rule "principle. Since then "therapeutic Materia Medica", "Herbal Diet" and other monographs have documented a number of food systems and foods to medicines. Song of the "saint Francis total recorded" in a special food governance, introduction of the therapeutic method of diseases. Song Chen straight forward to have "old-age pension from the pro-book," devoted to the elderly health care problem, focusing on dietary Talk about the important role of nutrition and health care. Catering imperial doctor Hu Yuan drink compiled思慧"meal was about to drink," one book, the succession of food, support, and combined with traditional medicine, the health of people eating to do a lot of exposition, our country can be called the first nutritional study monographs. Ming Li's "Compendium of Materia Medica," containing the grains, vegetables, fruits, more than 300 kinds of drugs, animal drugs more than 400 species. Are available for therapeutic use. In addition, Lu and the "food of Materia Medica", Wang Meng's "With the income spectrum Habitat diet" and charges of伯雄"Fernandez has three types of food dependent," such as the emergence of works, so that therapeutic health study by the comprehensive development.


Dietary Guidelines for the History and Development


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     Dietary Guidelines are at long-term process of social practice developed. 20 centuries ago at 30 years, nutritional science was mainly a lack of understanding of nutrients and nutritional disease, recommend to people is also reasonable for the main meal dystrophy, such as the British Government in 1918 on children's diet must contain recommend a certain amount of milk and so on. To the next half century, developed a nutrient surplus, caused by the incidence of chronic degenerative diseases rise, but also leading causes of death among the crowd. Through the study of nutrition, medicine, biology and epidemiological studies to identify the diet and a number of chronic diseases. 1963 American Heart Association, the first physician to reduce dietary fat and saturated fatty acid intake to reduce the risk of suffering from cardiovascular disease. Sweden in 1968 published the first dietary goals, known as "the Nordic countries the medical concept of food groups," a specific reduction in fat energy, saturated fatty acids, sugar, increase vegetables, fruits, skim milk, fish, lean meat and grains, regular exercise to prevent overweight and other entries.

The United States in 1980 issued a "Nutrition and Health: Dietary Guidelines for Americans," the first edition. And in 1985 and 1990, respectively, be modified. Published a second edition and third edition. From 1990 onwards, American public law at least five years to jointly issued a "Dietary Guidelines for Americans," an official in accordance with the law in 1995 released a fourth edition, a total of 7 namely:

(1) food diversification;
(2) food intake and physical activity to balance, maintain or improve body weight;
(3) selection of rich category Cereals, vegetables and fruit meals;
(4) selection of low-fat, low saturated fatty acids and low-cholesterol diet;
(5) limited the use of sugar containing meals;
(6) salt containing a limited selection of meals;
(7) If the alcohol should be moderate.

And previous versions, the new "guidelines" emphasize physical activity and energy balance, placing greater emphasis on plant food. 1992 United States Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Information Service of the United States published the design of the food pyramid diagram form in order to promote dietary guidance to help people visualize the expression of reasonable arrangements for the daily meals.

From other countries since the late seventies are successively by the different departments responsible for their own dietary guidelines, nutritional problems in these countries and the United States similar to many of its Dietary Guidelines are mainly aimed at the prevention of chronic diseases. They are generally referred to limit or reduce the fat energy, reduce the saturated fatty acids, limiting sugar, salt intake, increase dietary fiber and maintain appropriate body weight and so on.
编辑/发表时间:2009-03-18 15:00
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